Anaemia during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of antenatal attendants at the Madina Pentecost Hospital, La Nkwantanang Municipality, Ghana

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants.

Parameter	Frequency (n = 300)	Percentage (%)
Age
less than 20	11	3.7
20–30	175	58.3
31–40	100	33.3
Above 40	14	4.7
Marital status
Single	64	21.3
Married	234	78.0
Widowed	2	0.7
Educational status
None	25	8.3
Basic	109	36.3
Secondary	96	32.0
Tertiary	70	23.3
Religion
Christian	234	78.0
Muslim	63	21.0
Traditionalist	3	1.0
Occupation
Unemployed	65	21.7
Formal worker	46	15.3
Non-formal worker	189	63.0
Gestational age
1st Trimester	79	26.3
2nd Trimester	93	31.0
3rd trimester	128	42.7

Data are presented as frequency and proportion.

Figure 1. Prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women.

Figure 2. Distribution of forms anaemia among pregnant women. MCV: Mean cell volume; MCHC: Mean cell haemoglobin concentration.

Table 2. Incidence of anaemia among the various trimesters of pregnancy.

Parameter		Gestational age
	Total	1^st Trimester	2^nd Trimester	3^rd Trimester
Anaemic	211(100.00)	48(22.75)	67(31.75)	96(45.50)
Severity of Anaemia
Mild	159(75.36)	39(24.53)	49(30.82)	71(44.65)
Moderate	51(24.17)	9(17.65)	17(33.33)	25(49.02)
Severe	1(0.47)	0(0.00)	1(100.00)	0(0.00)
Forms of Anaemia
Microcytic hypochromic	29(13.74)	7(24.14)	9(31.03)	13(44.83)
Microcytic normochromic	57(27.01)	14(24.56)	16(28.07)	27(47.37)
Normocytic hypochromic	52(24.64)	10(19.23)	20(38.46)	22(42.31)
Normocytic normochromic	71(33.65)	17(23.94)	20(28.17)	34(47.89)
Macrocytic hypochromic	1(0.47)	0(0.00)	1(100.00)	0(0.00)
Macrocytic normocytic	1(0.47)	0(0.00)	1(100.00)	0(0.00)

Data is presented as frequency (proportion).

Table 3. Knowledge of pregnant women about anaemia.

Variables	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Knowledge of anaemia
Yes	266	88.67
No	34	11.33
Any food supplement
Yes	216	72.00
No	84	28.00
Symptoms of anaemia
Breathlessness	57	19.00
Fatigue	136	45.33
Pale face	89	29.67
Spoon shaped nails	18	6.00
Causes of Anaemia
Pregnancy	8	2.67
Lack of iron in food	198	66.00
Diseases (malaria, cancer, TB, HIV)	26	8.67
Over bleeding	22	7.33
Don’t know	46	15.33
Effects of anaemia
Complications in delivery	50	16.67
Death during or after death	105	35.00
Effect on fetus	78	26.00
Don’t know	64	21.33

Data are presented as frequency and proportion.

Figure 3. Sources of information on anaemia among pregnant women.

Table 4. Association between demographic factors and anaemia.

	Anaemia status
Parameters	Anaemic (N = 211)	Normal (N = 89)	p-value
Age (years)
less than 20	9(81.8)	2(18.2)	0.0659
20–30	113(64.6)	62(35.4)
31–40	77(77.0)	23(23.0)
Above 40	12(85.7)	2(14.3)
Marital status
Single	44(68.8)	20(31.3)	0.7782
Married	166(70.9)	68(29.1)
Widowed	1(50.0)	1(50.0)
Educational status
None	18(72.0)	7(28.0)	0.9213
Basic	77(70.6)	32(29.4)
Secondary	69(71.9)	27(28.1)
Tertiary	47(67.1)	23(32.9)
Religion
Christian	167(71.4)	67(28.6)	0.0268*
Muslim	44(69.8)	19(30.2)
Traditionalist	0(0.0)	3(100.0)
Occupational status
Unemployed	44(67.7)	21(32.3)	0.7788
Formal worker	34(73.9)	12(26.1)
Non-formal worker	133(70.4)	56(29.6)
Gestational age
1^st Trimester	48(60.8)	31(39.2)	0.0847
2^nd Trimester	67(72.0)	26(28.0)
3^rd trimester	96(75.0)	32(25.0)

Data are presented as frequency (proportion); compared using Chi-squared test. p-value is significant at <0.05.

N: Number.

* indicates statistically significant p-values.

Data availability statement

All data generated and analyzed during this study are included in the manuscript and can be requested from the corresponding author.