Post-secondary student perspectives about how to support student resilience

Figures & data

Figure 1. Responses to the question of university success for respondents (n = 279).

Figure 2. Responses to the question of desired university support to achieve desired outcomes (n = 281).

Table 1. Average (SD) ratings of the importance of personal resources for resilience, organized by rank order for the overall sample

Item	Total Sample	Women	Men	Welch’s t test; Effect size	Straight/Cis	2SLGBTQ+	Welch’s t test; Effect size
Self- care	4.25 (0.92)	4.29 (0.92)	3.90 (0.99)	5.04*; .028	4.19 (0.92)	4.37 (0.81)	1.65; .008
Persistence	4.20 (0.85)	4.18 (0.86)	4.17 (0.80)	0.01; .001	4.21 (0.77)	3.95 (0.96)	4.93*; .031
Executive functioning	4.20 (0.83)	4.28 (0.82)	3.90 (0.80)	7.04**; .035	4.24 (0.77)	4.19 (0.79)	0.13; .001
External support	4.16 (0.90)	4.20 (0.86)	3.78 (1.11)	5.16*; .035	4.06 (0.89)	4.32 (0.90)	4.76*; .026
Motivation	4.16 (0.96)	4.19 (0.96)	3.98 (1.06)	1.31; .008	4.21 (0.89)	3.94 (1.10)	2.94; .018
Attitude	4.09 (0.92)	4.13 (0.89)	3.98 (1.02)	0.79; .005	4.08 (0.92)	4.03 (0.95)	0.10; .001
Adaptability	4.09 (0.92)	4.14 (0.89)	3.78 (1.04)	4.22*; .026	4.08 (0.94)	4.17 (0.87)	0.50; .003
Internal control	4.00 (0.94)	4.04 (0.94)	3.76 (1.02)	2.58; .015	4.04 (0.92)	3.94 (1.04)	0.46; .003
Academic skill	3.83 (0.90)	3.84 (0.92)	3.75 (0.78)	0.41; .002	3.86 (0.90)	3.62 (0.91)	3.02; .017
Interest	3.83 (0.96)	3.88 (0.94)	3.60 (0.98)	2.66; .015	3.81 (0.92)	3.83 (0.99	0.01; .001
Future orientation	3.80 (0.99)	3.76 (0.93)	3.61 (1.16)	0.61; .004	3.84 (0.99)	3.73 (0.90)	0.56; .003
Self- awareness	3.72 (1.03)	3.77 (1.07)	3.37 (0.92)	5.97*; .026	3.75 (1.04)	3.60 (1.07)	0.74; .004
Comm. skills	3.64 (1.00)	3.70 (1.00)	3.46 (1.00)	1.86; .010	3.64 (1.00)	3.62 (1.08)	0.02; .001
Positive character	3.59 (1.08)	3.66 (1.05)	3.46 (1.00)	1.27; .006	3.69 (0.96)	3.29 (1.22)	5.17*; .032
Ability	3.44 (1.05)	3.43 (1.03)	3.51 (0.95)	0.25; .001	3.39 (0.92)	3.24 (1.02)	0.76; .005
Community	3.33 (1.07)	3.41 (1.05)	3.15 (1.06)	1.97; .010	3.37 (1.03)	3.32 (1.09)	0.80; .001
Luck	2.78 (1.31)	2.65 (1.26)	2.85 (1.15)	0.96; .004	2.58 (1.18)	2.97 (1.42)	3.34; .021
Self- care	4.25 (0.92)	4.21 (0.93)	4.92 (0.98)	0.01; .001	4.23 (0.96)	4.19 (0.85)	0.04; .001
Persistence	4.20 (0.85)	4.16 (0.88)	4.13 (0.86)	0.06; .001	4.18 (0.87)	4.31 (0.68)	0.75; .003
Executive functioning	4.20 (0.83)	4.19 (0.83)	4.24 (0.82)	0.12; .001	4.25 (0.80)	3.85 (0.92)	4.35*; .028
External support	4.16 (0.90)	4.11 (0.95)	4.29 (0.79)	1.81; .008	4.20 (0.90)	4.00 (0.80)	1.31; .006
Motivation	4.16 (0.96)	4.24 (0.89)	3.89 (1.14)	4.12*; .026	4.18 (0.97)	3.92 (1.02)	1.51; .008
Attitude	4.09 (0.92)	4.11 (0.87)	3.96 (1.07)	0.78; .005	4.13 (0.93)	3.92 (0.94)	1.13; .006
Adaptability	4.09 (0.92)	4.08 (0.89)	4.13 (1.02)	0.10; .001	4.09 (0.92)	4.09 (0.91)	0.40; .002
Internal control	4.00 (0.94)	3.95 (0.97)	4.07 (0.96)	0.64; .003	3.96 (0.97)	4.08 (0.89)	0.39; .002
Academic skill	3.83 (0.90)	3.85 (0.92)	3.69 (0.84)	1.33; .004	3.83 (0.91)	3.68 (0.90)	0.58; .003
Interest	3.83 (0.96)	3.87 (0.95)	3.63 (0.98)	2.32; .012	3.84 (0.98)	3.68 (0.90)	0.66; .003
Future orientation	3.80 (0.99)	3.75 (0.96)	3.82 (1.02)	0.20; .001	3.74 (1.01)	3.65 (0.94)	0.18;,001
Self- awareness	3.72 (1.03)	3.69 (1.01)	3.63 (1.15)	0.12; .001	3.65 (1.09)	3.81 (0.75)	0.84; .003
Comm. skills	3.64 (1.00)	3.64 (1.01)	3.58 (1.01)	0.14; .001	3.63 (1.02)	3.65 (1.06)	0.02; .001
Positive character	3.59 (1.08)	3.61 (1.07)	3.44 (1.07)	0.99; .005	3.56 (1.09)	3.69 (0.97)	0.41; .002
Ability	3.44 (1.05)	3.37 (1.05)	3.40 (1.01)	0.04; .001	3.38 (1.05)	3.85 (0.92)	5.63*; .024
Community	3.33 (1.07)	3.29 (1.04)	3.45 (1.05)	0.99; .005	3.33 (1.08)	3.42 (0.90)	0.24; .001
Luck	2.78 (1.31)	2.63 (1.26)	2.89 (1.27)	1.72; .009	2.65 (1.28)	3.19 (1.17)	4.75*; .021
Self- care	4.25 (0.92)	4.19 (0.88)	4.26 (0.92)	0.29; .002	3.91 (1.13)	4.22 (0.93)	0.81; .006
Persistence	4.20 (0.85)	4.29 (0.81)	4.1 5 (0.85)	1.42; .008	3.73 (1.01)	4.21 (0.83)	2.45; .017
Executive functioning	4.20 (0.83)	4.18 (0.85)	4.20 (0.81)	0.02; .001	4.09 (0.83)	4.21 (0.83)	0.21; .001
External support	4.16 (0.90)	4.05 (0.91)	4.21 (0.92)	1.27; .007	3.82 (1.08)	4.15 (0.91)	0.99; .007
Motivation	4.16 (0.96)	4.14 (1.03)	4.18 (0.93)	0.06; .001	3.64 (1.12)	4.17 (0.97)	2.40; .016
Attitude	4.09 (0.92)	3.92 (1.07)	4.23 (0.77)	4.45*; .027	3.55 (1.04)	4.10 (0.93)	3.03; .019
Adaptability	4.09 (0.92)	3.99 (0.96)	4.15 (0.86)	1.34; .008	3.55 (1.21)	4.09 (0.91)	2.15; .018
Internal control	4.00 (0.94)	4.01 (0.89)	3.98 (1.02)	0.05; .001	3.27 (1.01)	4.01 (0.95)	5.59*; .030
Academic skill	3.83 (0.90)	3.88 (0.48)	3.77 (0.94)	0.66; .004	3.36 (0.92)	3.82 (0.97)	2.58; .013
Interest	3.83 (0.96)	3.79 (1.02)	3.83 (0.91)	0.08; .001	3.55 (0.93)	3.82 (0.96)	0.88; .004
Future orientation	3.80 (0.99)	3.82 (0.96)	3.75 (1.02)	0.20; .001	3.64 (0.81)	3.78 (0.99)	0.30; .001
Self- awareness	3.72 (1.03)	3.63 (1.07)	3.68 (1.04)	0.09; .001	3.45 (1.04)	3.67 (1.04)	0.46; .002
Comm. skills	3.64 (1.00)	3.53 (1.04)	3.65 (0.98)	0.63; .004	3.55 (1.21)	3.63 (1.00)	0.49; .001
Positive character	3.59 (1.08)	3.63 (1.07)	3.46 (1.05)	1.10; .006	3.18 (1.17)	3.56 (1.07)	1.12; .007
Ability	3.44 (1.05)	3.63 (1.01)	3.23 (1.00)	7.08**; .038	2.73 (1.01)	3.43 (1.04)	4.96*; .023
Community	3.33 (1.07)	3.23 (1.06)	3.33 (1.11)	0.15; .001	3.45 (0.69)	3.32 (1.08)	0.34; .001
Luck	2.78 (1.31)	2.85 (1.26)	2.55 (1.30)	2.40; .013	3.09 (1.04)	2.69 (1.28)	1.52; .005

Note: Comparisons within each pair of columns was tested with Welch’s t- test (*- p < .05; **- p < .01; ***- p < .001). Effect sizes are eta- squared.

Table 2. Average (SD) ratings of the importance of external resources for resilience, organized by rank order for the overall sample

Item	Total Sample	Women		Men	Welch’s t test; Effect size	Straight	Sexually diverse	Welch’s t test; Effect size
Interpersonal support	4.04 (1.15)	4.09 (1.11)		3.78 (1.29)	1.98; .012	4.14 (1.09)	4.02 (1.24)	0.42; .003
Financial support	3.37 (1.32)	3.43 (1.32)		3.05 (1.8)	2.84; .014	3.40 (1.30)	3.25 (1.32)	0.50; .003
Language resources	3.29 (1.56)	3.20 (1.60)		3.34 (1.53)	0.28; .001	3.25 (1.54)	3.40 (1.66)	0.35; .002
Teaching relations	3.25 (1.21)	3.25 (1.21)		3.29 (1.06)	0.05; .001	3.24 (1.18)	3.27 (1.23)	0.02; .001
Health access	3.20 (1.28)	3.19 (1.27)		3.24 (1.20)	0.06; .001	3.16 (1.24)	3.14 (1.33)	0.01; .001
Psychological access	2.76 (1.51)	2.77 (1.51)		2.46 (1.31)	1.66; .007	2.61 (1.35)	3.05 (1.71)	3.06; .019
Community connection	2.67 (1.34)	2.63 (1.31)		2.90 (1.39)	1.23; .007	2.62 (1.27)	2.62 (1.35)	0.01; .001
Cultural/spiritual access	2.18 (1.36)	2.15 (1.32)		2.33 (1.51)	0.45; .003	2.29 (1.44)	1.81 (1.06)	6.51*; .030
Interpersonal support	4.04 (1.15)		4.04 (1.14)	4.02 (1.19)	0.01; .001	4.08 (1.16)	4.00 (1.13)	0.10; .001
Financial support	3.37 (1.32)		3.39 (1.25)	3.44 (1.14)	0.04; .001	3.38 (1.34)	3.25 (1.25)	0.17; .001
Language resources	3.29 (1.56)		3.25 (1.57)	3.29 (1.63)	0.02; .001	3.42 (1.59)	2.62 (1.33)	7.86**; .031
Teaching relations	3.25 (1.21)		3.14 (1.19)	3.56 (1.18)	5.01*; .025	3.24 (1.20)	3.32 (1.07)	0.11; .001
Health access	3.19 (1.28)		3.14 (1.29)	3.05 (1.25)	0.18; .001	3.11 (1.30)	3.58 (1.14)	3.69; .016
Psychological access	2.76 (1.51)		2.60 (1.51)	2.96 (1.43)	2.44; .012	2.64 (1.52)	3.37 (1.29)	6.50*; .026
Community connection	2.67 (1.34)		2.60 (1.37)	2.76 (1.22)	0.66; .003	2.59 (1.34)	3.12 (1.31)	3.68; .018
Cultural/spiritual access	2.18 (1.36)		2.07 (1.33)	2.24 (1.39)	0.58; .003	2.03 (1.32)	2.80 (1.41)	6.58*; .037
Item	Total Sample		Person of colour (POC)	Not POC	Welch’s t test; Effect size	Indigenous heritage	Not Indigenous	Welch’s t test; Effect size
Interpersonal support	4.04 (1.15)		3.90 (1.22)	4.14 (1.06)	1.90; .011	4.00 (1.18)	4.05 (1.15)	0.02; .001
Financial support	3.37 (1.32)		3.43 (1.26)	3.34 (1.35)	0.10; .001	3.82 (1.17)	3.38 (1.31)	1.44; .006
Language resources	3.29 (1.56)		2.88 (1.52)	3.55 (1.58)	8.14**; .043	3.91 (1.30)	3.26 (1.58)	2.56; .009
Teaching relations	3.25 (1.21)		3.14 (1.16)	3.37 (1.21)	1.60; .009	3.36 (1.12)	3.26 (1.20)	0.09; .001
Health access	3.19 (1.28)		3.14 (1.26)	3.19 (1.27)	0.06; .001	3.18 (1.17)	3.19 (1.27)	0.01; .001
Psychological access	2.76 (1.51)		2.59 (1.38)	2.73 (1.54)	0.40; .002	3.27 (1.62)	2.71 (1.48)	1.28; .008
Community connection	2.67 (1.34)		2.87 (1.41)	2.38 (1.21)	6.11*; .034	3.27 (1.42)	2.62 (1.32)	2.18; .012
Cultural/spiritual access	2.18 (1.36)		2.51 (1.41)	1.76 (1.18)	14.28***; .078	3.45 (1.29)	2.07 (1.32)	11.80**; .054

Note: Comparisons within each pair of columns was tested with Welch’s t- test (*- p < .05; **- p < .01; ***- p < .001). Effect sizes are eta- squared.

Data availability statement

A request for access to data may be made by writing to the first author.