ABSTRACT
This review presents an overview of the current knowledge regarding the techniques for the extraction of selected Rhodiola species, their bioactive compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action with particular emphasis on free radical scavenging properties. Rhodiola genus (Crassulaceae) is a perennial, which grows naturally in eastern Siberia, Scandinavia, Alaska and northern Europe that has been traditionally used in folk Asian medicine. In this review, we have done a critical evaluation of available literature on Rhodiola species roots and rhizomes, especially R. rosea (L.), R. imbricata (Edgew.), R. crenulata (Hook.f. & Thomson), R. kirilowii (Regel) and R. heterodonta (Hook.f. & Thomson), that have been most thoroughly investigated and described so far. Databases, including Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar were applied to obtain relevant literature, based on reports mainly in the last 20 years. Here, we improved the list of the most important chemical compounds of Rhodiola spp. – mainly phenolic compounds and essential oils, taking into account their detection methods. In addition, we compared qualitatively and quantitatively different kind of extraction methods and analyzed the results regarding the antioxidant effects of Rhodiola species in vitro and in vivo on mouse and rat.
Abbreviations
AAE - Ascorbic acid equivalent
ABTS - 2,2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay
CAT - Catalase
CE - Capillary Electrophoresis
C-H-R - cold-hypoxia-restraint
DPPH - 2,2-Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical assay
FRAP - Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay
GADPH - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase
GAE - Gallic acid equivalent
GC-MS - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
GRE - Glutathione reductase
GSH - Reduced glutathione
GSH-Px - Glutathione peroxidase
GST - Glutathione S-transferase
H2O2 - Hydrogen peroxide
HHPT - High Hydrostatic Pressure Technique
HIUS - High-Intensity Ultrasound
HSCCC - High-speed counter-current Chromatography
IC50 - half maximal inhibitory concentration
LC - Liquid Chromatography
LC-MS - Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
LDH - Lactate dehydrogenase
MDA - Malondialdehyde
RBC - red blood cells
RE - Rutin equivalent
RH - Rhodionin
ROS - reactive oxygen species
RT - room temperature
SOD - Superoxide dismutase
TAA - Total antioxidant activity
TBARS - Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
tBOOH - tert-butyl-hydroperoxide
Trec - rectal temperature
UAE - Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction
UPE - Ultrahigh Pressure Extraction
UPLC-DAD-TOF-MS/MS - Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography-diode array detector-tandem Mass Spectrometry
Conflicts of interest
The author declares there is no conflict of interest.