Event-Related Potentials to Speech Relate to Speech Sound Production and Language in Young Children

Figures & data

Table 1. Language and cognitive assessment scores for sample

	n	Range	Mean (SD)
Age in months	58	24–48	32.8 (6.2)
mCDI-2-WP	58	4–680	495.59 (191.5)
PLS-AC	58	63–136	108.4 (16.4)
PLS-EC	58	56–142	107.5 (17.9)
GFTA-2	49	71–127	107.6 (14.6)
MLU	58	1.20–5.82	2.94 (1.1)
MSEL_VR	57	20–80	57.1 (14.3)

Note: MCDI-2-WP: Raw count of Words Produced on the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Inventories, Second Edition. PLS-AC: Auditory Comprehension standard score on the Preschool Language Scale-Fifth Edition. PLS-EC: Expressive communication standard score on the Preschool Language Scales-Fifth Edition. GFTA-2: Standard score on the Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation-Second Edition, (n = 49). MLU: mean length of utterance. MSEL_VR: T-score of the visual reception subtest of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (n = 57).

Figure 1. Electrode montage for P1 & N2. The six electrodes analyzed in the component-driven analyses (Section 3.1) are shaded green. The 29 electrodes that contributed to the cluster in the data-driven analyses (Supplemental Materials 1) are surrounded by a dashed line and shaded gray.

Table 2. Factor pattern for language factor score (LFS)

Measure	Factor Loading
PLS-AC	0.93
PLS-EC	0.96
MLU	0.69
GFTA-2	0.52
mCDI-2-WP	0.77

Table 3. Mean amplitude and latency data for P1 and N2 ERPs for old and new conditions

	Amplitude in μV Mean (SD)	Latency in ms Mean (SD)
P1 old	1.42 (1.93)	127 (41)
P1 new	1.70 (2.17)	129 (41)
P1 Difference (new-old)	0.28 (2.34)	2 (56)
N2 old	−1.21 (2.72)	263 (33)
N2 new	−1.14 (3.08)	264 (34)
N2 Difference (new-old)	0.07 (4.43)	1 (39)

Figure 2. Grand average ERP waveforms for six-electrode montage for old and new conditions averaged across cluster and within individual electrodes.

Figure 3. Average ERP waveforms at the six-electrode montage for old and new conditions. Waveforms are binned by LFS quartile for ease of visualization. The time windows used in identifying P1 and N2 peaks for each participant are highlighted in light and dark gray, respectively. Error ribbons = 1 SEM.

Table 4. Partial correlations among language measures and the P1 and N2 ERP components

Language Measure	P1 Latency Difference	P1 Amplitude Difference	N2 Latency Difference	N2 Amplitude Difference
LFS	0.08	.32*	−0.13	.41**
mCDI-2-WP		.22		.25
PLS-AC		.21		.36**
PLS-EC		.35**		.40**
GFTA-2		−.43**		−.43**
MLU		.09		.23

Note: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 The correlations for the P1 amplitude difference should be interpreted with caution as they did not survive baseline analyses.

Figure 4. Partial correlations between the language factor score and n2 amplitude difference.