RENAL AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE IN OBESE (fa/fa^cp), DIABETIC, HYPERTENSIVE ZSF1 RATS^*

Figures & data

Figure 1. Fasted and fed plasma levels of glucose and insulin and areas under the glucose and insulin curves in glucose tolerance test after 8 weeks of caffeine consumption in adult, obese ZSF1 rats.

Figure 2. Plasma lipids levels in adult, obese ZSF1 rats treated with caffeine for 8 weeks.

Figure 3. Plasma creatinine and creatinine clearance in adult, obese ZSF1 rats treated with caffeine for 8 weeks.

Figure 4. Urinary protein excretion in adult, obese ZSF1 rats treated with caffeine for 8 weeks.

Table 1. Effect of Caffeine on Metabolic and Renal Excretory Function Parameters in Adult ZDFxSHHF Rats

Parameter	Treatment	Baseline	4 Weeks	8 Weeks
Body weight	Control	625±15.3	658±12.2	670±14.8
(g)	Caffeine	629±5.3	604±4.8^*^a	614±4.2^*^a
Food intake	Control	67.5±2.9	61.0±2.0	56.1±2.3
(g/kg/day)	Caffeine	65.1±1.9	43.1±1.3^*^a	47.4±1.4^*^a
Fluid intake	Control	138.8±10.9	127.8±14.1	137.0±19.8
(mL/kg/day)	Caffeine	138.7±9.6	84.5±4.7 ^*^a	79.5±5.0 ^*^a
Urine volume	Control	105.4±9.7	82.8±12.6	109.6±15.1
(mL/kg/day)	Caffeine	108.5±7.1	63.8±6.1^*^a	72.9±3.3^*^a
Sodium excretion	Control	4.42±0.18	3.38±0.10	5.53±0.44
(mEq/kg/day)	Caffeine	4.44±0.24	3.71±0.12	5.61±0.29
Potassium excretion	Control	15.5±0.7	13.9±0.4	13.6±0.6
(mEq/kg/day)	Caffeine	15.3±0.8	12.4±0.3	12.3±0.5
Creatinine excretion	Control	36.5±1.2	28.6±0.3	42.3±3.6
(mg/kg/day)	Caffeine	34.8±0.6	26.9±0.5	31.8±0.6^a
Urinary protein	Control	910±25	910±27	1050±28
excretion (mg/kg/day)	Caffeine	890±17	1010±24	1150±25^*
Glucose excretion	Control	4.92±0.65	4.76±0.82	5.95±0.82
(g/kg/day)	Caffeine	5.32±0.50	4.56±0.69	4.05±0.27^a

^*−p<0.05 vs baseline

^a−p<0.05 vs control

Figure 5. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and norepinephrine levels in adult, obese, ZSF1 rats treated with caffeine for 8 weeks.

Table 2. Blood Pressure and Renal Hemodynamics in Adult ZDFxSHHF Rats Treated with Caffeine for 8 Weeks

Parameter	Control (n = 8)	Caffeine (n = 7)
Heart rate (b.p.m.)	334.6±5.7	356.1±10.4
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	181.5±5.0	187.8±5.2
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	140.7±3.6	143.5±2.3
Mean blood pressure (mm/Hg)	160.7±4.1	166.0±3.4
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	40.8±3.2	44.4±3.9
Renal blood flow (mL/min/g kid)	6.37±0.65	7.48±0.56
Renal plasma flow (mL/min/g kid)	3.44±0.34	4.10±0.26
Renal vascular resistance (mL/min/g kid)	5.88±1.0	4.45±0.36

Table 3. Renal Histopathology in Adult ZDFxSHHF Rats Treated with Caffeine for 8 Weeks

	Control (n = 8)	Caffeine (n = 7)
Total kidney weight (g)	4.00±0.25	4.48±0.22
Kidney/B.W. ratio (mg/g)	6.04±0.29	7.41±0.34^*
Mesangial. proliferation (0–3^+)	1.38±0.21	1.36± 0.19
FSGS+FGGS (%)	9.57±2.16	7.98±1.49
Tubular atrophy (0–3^+)	1.44±0.15	1.64±0.18
Tubular dilation (0–4^+)	2.16±0.22	2.46±0.27
Cast (0–3^+)	1.44±0.15	1.64±0.17
Interst. inflammation (0–3^+)	0.44±0.22	0.21±0.15
Interstitial fibrosis (0–3^+)	0	0
Medial hypertrophy (0–3^+)	1.06±0.11	1.00±0.22
Arteriolar sclerosis (0-3^+)	0.62±0.12	0.57±0.17

^*p < 0.05