Glory of piezoelectric perovskites

Figures & data

Figure 1. B-ion ordered arrangements in complex perovskites: (a) simple structure, (b) 1:1 ordering, and (c) 1:2 ordering [1]. Solid solution systems can be easily synthesized for tuning the physical properties.

Figure 2. Permittivity contour map on the MgO-TiO₂-BaO system and the patent coverage composition range (dashed line) [9]. Original Japanese article is used intentionally.

Figure 3. Phase diagram for the Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ solid solution system proposed by Sawaguchi. It does not include another ferroelectric phase below F_α phase, which was discovered later [14].

Figure 4. Transverse strain in ceramic specimens of 0.9 PMN-0.1 PT (a) and a typical hard PZT eight piezoceramic (b) under varying electric field cycles [23].

Figure 5. Phase diagram for the Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-PbTiO₃ solid solution system [24].

Figure 6. Changes in electromechanical coupling factors with mole faction of PT in the (1−x)Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-xPbTiO₃ solid solution system [24].

Figure 7. Schematic of the piezoelectricity enhancement depending on the crystal orientation in perovskite ferroelectrics [28]. The large d₁₅ is the key.

Figure 8. The first report on piezoelectric composites by Kitayama in 1972 [29].

Figure 9. Basic concept of the performance improvement in a composite via a combination effect [30].

Figure 10. Piezoceramic:polymer:carbon black composite for vibration damping [33].

Figure 11. Strain curves for oriented and unoriented (K,Na,Li)(Nb,Ta,Sb)O₃ ceramics [36].

Figure 12. High power piezoelectric characterization system (HiPoCS) developed by ICAT, Penn State University [38].

Figure 13. High power characterization of Pb-free piezoelectrics and PZT. Mechanical energy density is higher in some Pb-free ceramics than in PZT.

Figure 14. Bendable, foldable speaker [41]. Even a ‘paper crane’ (front) can act as a speaker, which can generate beautiful sound. [Picture: courtesy of Fuji Film.]

Figure 15. Structure of a PZT/silicon MEMS device, a blood tester [43].

Figure 16. Spatial gradient of stress can be obtained in trapezoidal BST samples or wire-inserted BST laminates.

Figure 17. Schottky barrier generated at the interface between a semiconductive (n-type) piezoceramic and metal electrodes [47].

Figure 18. Energy diagrams for modified monomorph structures: (a) a device incorporating a very thin insulating layer and (b) the ‘rainbow’ structure [48].

Figure 19. Magnetic noise sensor consisting of a laminated composite of a PZT and two Terfenol-D disks: (a) schematic structure, and (b) photograph of the device [54].

Figure 20. Photo-driven walking device that uses photostrictive PLZT bimorphs [58].

Figure 21. Common rail type diesel injection valve with a piezoelectric multilayer actuator. [Courtesy of Denso Corporation.]

Figure 22. Lightning Switch™ with piezoelectric Thunder™ actuator. [Courtesy of Face Electronics.]

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