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1. Translated from the Spanish by Anne‐Marie Smith‐Di Biasio PhD (with thanks to Ariel Liberman for his collaboration).
2. Full member of the Uruguayan Psychoanalytic Association.
Notes
1. Translated from the Spanish by Anne‐Marie Smith‐Di Biasio PhD (with thanks to Ariel Liberman for his collaboration).
2. Full member of the Uruguayan Psychoanalytic Association.
3. Pichon‐Rivière's notion of ‘vínculo’ can be translated into English as bond, link or attachment.
4. “The analytic investigation of that internal world took me to broaden the concept of ‘object relationship’, formulating the notion of bond, which I define as a complex structure, which includes an individual, an object, their mutual interrelation with processes of communication and learning” (Pichon‐Rivière, Citation1988, p. 10).
5. De Urtubey (Citation1994) points out the need for work on the countertransference which allows the analyst to become aware of and to elaborate the different manifestations occurring in the analyst as responses to his patient.
6. The concordant identification is based on introjection and projection, or, in other terms, on the resonance of the exterior in the interior, on recognition of what belongs to another as one's own (‘this part of you is I’) and on the equation of what is one's own with what belongs to another (‘this part of me is you’) (Racker, Citation1957, p. 311).
7. The complementary identifications are produced by the fact that the patient treats the analyst as an internal (projected) object, and in consequence the analyst feels treated as such; that is, he identifies himself with this object. [&] It is clear that rejection of a part or tendency in the analyst himself – his aggressiveness, for instance – may lead to a rejection of the patient's aggressiveness (whereby this concordant identification fails) and that such a situation leads to a greater complementary identification with the patient's rejecting object, toward which this aggressive impulse is directed (Racker, Citation1957, p. 311).
8. As Fajrajzen states in his paper, “Freud (Citation1915, p. 146) uses the term ‘condemnation’, describing repression as a rejection based on a judgement; and in 1922 he refers to absolution by the conscience. Finally, Freud (Citation1932, p. 61) writes that the principal task of the superego is to perform a judging function with respect to the ego”.
9. Psychological descriptions of Dostoyevski writings contemporary to Freud's are no doubt present in Freud's thinking here, which casts light on them. Raskolnikov's repeated fainting fits in Crime and Punishment (Dostoyevsky, Citation2003) show his internal turmoil, generated by guilt and expressing an oppression only alleviated by the staging of his confession of crime, appeasing his internal need for punishment. In The Brothers Karamasov (Dostoevsky, Citation1990), the Great Inquisitor's dialogue with Christ in the parable of the Great Inquisitor illustrates metaphorically intrapsychic conflict between the superego's sadism and the masochistic tendency of the ego.
10. “Looking more closely, we see that the ‘talionic response’ or ‘identification with the aggressor’ (the frustrating patient) is a complex process [&]By the term ‘aggressor’ we must designate not only the patient but also some internal object of the analyst (especially his own superego or an internal persecutor) now projected upon the patient. This identification with the aggressor, or persecutor, causes a feeling of guilt; probably it always does so, although awareness of the guilt may be repressed. For what happens is, on a small scale, a process of melancholia, just as Freud described it: the object has to some degree abandoned us; we identify ourselves with the lost object; and then we accuse the introjected ‘bad’ object,–in other words, we have guilt feelings” (Racker, Citation1957, pp. 316–17).
11. A central tenet in Lacan's thinking, the notion of the Law, is a product of intellectual exchange with Claude Lévi Strauss (1951) for whom the Law is a general principle inseparable from linguistic structure which makes possible and organizes social exchange and family relationships.
12. The importance attributed by Green to the setting coincides with Bleger's (Citation1967) thinking; Bleger points out how upholding the setting not only gives stability to the avatars of different moments in the analysis, but also that aspects deposited in the setting make symbiotic traits of the analysand accessible.
13. In Latin America Lacan's perspective gave rise to a sometimes exaggerated critique of approaches which had privileged the emotional response of the analyst and the countertransference as central to the analyst's interpretations. In my view this swung the pendulum of psychoanalytic reflection and attention towards verbal aspects of communication, underlining the place of the analyst as essentially asymmetrical in relation to the analysand. Nonetheless his theorization – which is distant from phenomenological description – from my point of view led to a disembodied view of practice and to a disregard of thinking focused on problems involving the analyst's necessary emotional engagement with the patient.
14. The third clinical example shows us an analyst treating an unhappily married woman and being led to “absolve” her new bond with a lover. The case shows the risks of exaggerated empathy and how imaginary identifications with the patient arise, which if they are acted out impede the analysis. It is nonetheless the analyst's own attention to his emotional response which allows him to investigate the source of his impulse to absolve his patient as stemming from his own oedipal conflicts.
15. The theme of the analyst's real personality was the central theme of the XXVII Fepal Congress (in Chile, 2008) and also of the Rivista di Psicoanalisi 40(1) in which the difference between a real and transferential relationship as posited by Greenson and Wexler (Citation1969) was discussed in relation to the Kevin case.
16. “We define disposition toward self‐analysis as an orientation to the inner world. There is a suspension of judgement and a possibility of exposing our own ways of thinking and feelings to a questioning spirit that stimulates free associations while allowing them to be noticed. This is only a first step toward self‐analysis; yet is an important one, since it determines the size of the internal areas to which we gain access” (Bernardi and de León, Citation1993, p. 31).