Betel nut chewing effects on sustained attention and inhibitory control after sleep deprivation

Figures & data

Table 1. The means and standard deviation (SD; in parentheses) for the four groups

	Chewers	Non‐chewers	Chewers	Non‐chewers	p
	Deprived	Deprived	Normal	Normal
Age (years)	43.6	40.9	42.6	37.6	.26	n.s.
	(9.3)	(10.5)	(11.1)	(4.7)
Male/female	16/0	14/2	16/0	15/1	.28	n.s.
VSS—Gum	97.2	86.8	87.9	104.2	.19	n.s.
	(26.6)	(30.2)	(21.9)	(22.7)
VSS—Betel nut	95.6	92.4	90.6	113.4	.06	n.s.
	(25.5)	(24.4)	(28.0)	(24.0)
ESS	6.8	4.9	8.1	6.3	.06	n.s.
	(4.1)	(2.6)	(2.7)	(3.3)
MEQ	54.2	52.2	52.1	50.3	.30	n.s.
	(5.9)	(6.0)	(4.5)	(6.0)
BNDS	27.4	–	29.1	–	.37	n.s.
	(5.1)		(5.7)
Monthly expense (NT dollar)	1,550.0	–	2,250.3	–	.35	n.s.
	(1,115.3)		(2,725.2)
Number per day	26.0	–	24.5	–	.85	n.s
	(16.6)		(27.0)
Days per month	24.5	–	21.9	–	.41	n.s.
	(7.5)		(9.7)
Months	207.7	–	141.4	–	.18	n.s
	(131.1)		(142.3)
Hours since last chew	5.8	–	9.7	–	.31	n.s
	(11.8)		(9.6)

n.s. = nonsignificant; NT = New Taiwan.

Figure 1. Sample trial sequence in the SART.

Figure 2. Sample trial sequence in the stop‐signal task.

Table 2. The means and SD (in parentheses) in the SART

		Chewers	Non‐chewers	Chewers	Non‐chewers
		Deprived	Deprived	Normal	Normal
False alarm rate	Betel	.573	.635	.338	.613
		(.299)	(.293)	(.279)	(.246)
	Gum	.558	.580	.403	.553
		(.186)	(.299)	(.270)	(.288)
Mean RT prior to false alarm (ms)	Betel	330.6	343.8	322.2	282.3
		(94.1)	(143.3)	(70.8)	(48.5)
	Gum	331.7	331.3	361.7	288.2
		(78.1)	(107.8)	(139.2)	(69.1)
Mean RT prior to successful withholding (ms)	Betel	382.1	409.0	409.6	308.5
		(128.3)	(164.8)	(113.8)	(59.7)
	Gum	361.0	372.5	400.6	307.3
		(98.4)	(98.5)	(118.6)	(77.6)
Correct rate	Betel	.949	.926	.998	.983
		(.078)	(.127)	(.007)	(.022)
	Gum	.958	.956	.991	.979
		(.066)	(.054)	(.019)	(.026)

Table 3. The means and SD (in parentheses) in the stop‐signal task

		Chewers	Non‐chewers	Chewers	Non‐chewers
		Deprived	Deprived	Normal	Normal
SSRT (ms)	Betel	240.8	278.7	227.4	229.6
		(84.8)	(91.2)	(45.3)	(42.5)
	Gum	241.6	249.2	200.1	232.6
		(74.0)	(70.1)	(53.9)	(29.2)
Miss rate	Betel	.104	.053	.046	.027
		(.103)	(.054)	(.067)	(.032)
	Gum	.094	.086	.043	.026
		(.112)	(.077)	(.042)	(.050)
Incorrect rate	Betel	.011	.009	.006	.009
		(.021)	(.015)	(.008)	(.015)
	Gum	.015	.007	.006	.010
		(.024)	(.011)	(.009)	(.018)
Go RT (ms)	Betel	795.3	831.4	779.2	749.7
		(152.9)	(132.5)	(184.1)	(151.0)
	Gum	735.5	854.1	781.8	722.8
		(167.5)	(114.4)	(120.9)	(187.9)