Effect of cycloplegia on the measurement of refractive error in Chinese children

Figures & data

Table 1. Distributions of spherical equivalent M before and after cycloplegia, stratified by age and gender

	Cycloplegia	Mean (D)	Standard error	Standard deviation (D)	Skewness	Kurtosis	IQR (D)
Overall
	Before	−1.68	0.13	2.00	0.22	3.99	2.06
	After	−1.16	0.14	2.17	0.23	2.38	2.10
Age (years)
4–6	Before	0.10	0.17	0.89	−0.34	−0.97	1.68
	After	0.97	0.21	1.11	−0.49	−0.45	1.31
7–11	Before	−1.52	0.18	1.98	1.11	6.09	1.90
	After	−0.97	0.19	2.10	1.04	3.62	2.00
12–16	Before	−2.65	0.21	1.79	−1.14	1.59	2.19
	After	−2.31	0.22	1.86	−1.13	1.61	2.26
Gender
Boys	Before	−1.69	0.18	1.79	−0.45	1.27	2.18
	After	−1.29	0.20	1.99	−0.20	0.76	2.53
Girls	Before	−1.68	0.19	2.16	0.51	4.78	2.00
	After	−1.07	0.20	2.30	0.41	2.96	1.88

D: dioptres, IQR: interquartile range.

Table 2. Distributions of J₀ before and after cycloplegia, stratified by age and gender

	Cycloplegia	Mean (D)	Standard error	Standard deviation (D)	Skewness	Kurtosis	IQR (D)
Overall
	Before	0.05	0.03	0.40	1.59	9.92	0.16
	After	0.02	0.03	0.40	1.08	8.37	0.06
Age (years)
4–6	Before	0.03	0.13	0.70	0.43	1.82	0.59
	After	−0.05	0.12	0.63	0.48	1.19	0.47
7–11	Before	0.06	0.03	0.37	2.83	15.58	0.10
	After	0.01	0.04	0.40	1.60	11.67	0.08
12–16	Before	0.04	0.03	0.28	0.74	3.56	0.14
	After	0.07	0.03	0.25	1.43	2.84	0.07
Gender
Boys	Before	0.08	0.04	0.38	1.57	5.94	0.22
	After	0.02	0.04	0.39	−0.23	3.47	0.08
Girls	Before	0.03	0.04	0.41	1.65	12.69	0.11
	After	0.02	0.04	0.41	1.97	11.76	0.06

D: dioptres, IQR: interquartile range.

Table 3. Distributions of J₄₅ before and after cycloplegia, stratified by age and gender

	Cycloplegia	Mean (D)	Standard error	Standard deviation (D)	Skewness	Kurtosis	IQR (D)
Overall
	Before	0.01	0.02	0.35	1.15	9.26	0.10
	After	−0.01	0.02	0.35	0.28	6.19	0.04
Age (years)
4–6	Before	0.06	0.11	0.59	1.32	2.95	0.44
	After	0.06	0.13	0.66	0.23	1.97	0.47
7–11	Before	0.01	0.03	0.36	−1.11	8.33	0.11
	After	−0.02	0.03	0.31	−0.27	3.37	0.01
12–16	Before	−0.02	0.02	0.17	−0.58	1.44	0.56
	After	−0.01	0.03	0.22	0.53	1.41	0.11
Gender
Boys	Before	0.04	0.04	0.40	0.36	10.87	0.17
	After	−0.02	0.04	0.39	0.51	7.36	0.10
Girls	Before	−0.02	0.03	0.30	−0.43	3.33	0.08
	After	0.00	0.03	0.32	−0.02	3.80	0.00

D: dioptres, IQR: interquartile range.

short-legendFigure 1.

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Table 4. Proportion of spherical equivalent M before and after cycloplegia

Age (years)		Proportion, n (%), before cycloplegia	Proportion, n (%), after cycloplegia	p
Overall	Myopia	175 (78.1)	160 (71.4)	0.024
	Emmetropia	22 (9.8)	16 (7.1)
	Hyperopia	27 (12.1)	48 (21.4)
4–6	Myopia	8 (29.6)	5 (18.5)	0.032
	Emmetropia	8 (29.6)	2 (7.4)
	Hyperopia	11 (40.7)	20 (74.1)
7–11	Myopia	99 (78.6)	90 (71.4)	0.240
	Emmetropia	11 (8.7)	10 (7.9)
	Hyperopia	16 (12.7)	26 (20.6)
12–16	Myopia	68 (95.8)	65 (91.5)	0.331
	Emmetropia	3 (4.2)	4 (5.6)
	Hyperopia	0 (0.0)	2 (2.8)