![Sample our Urban Studies journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/110826/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Urban-Studies.jpg"})
Acknowledgments
My thanks to Jan Monk and Robert Andelman for assistance in assembling some of the data and to Guido Schwartz for research assistance. I am also grateful to Yuko Aoyama, Jody Emel, Audrey Kobayashi, Vicky Lawson, Jan Monk, Alec Murphy, and Billie Turner for their helpful comments on an earlier draft.
Notes
Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 1, 1911.
1. Lions Club membership within the U. S. has fallen steadily since 1970 (the earliest figures available from the organization), such that the organization has lost nearly one-fifth of its membership in the past thirty-three years (from 522,525 to 432,988) (data obtained from Lions Club International).
2. This hypothetical assumes that the increased presence of women and visible minorities has neither induced nor discouraged white men from becoming geographers.
3. This does represent progress! Those original forty-eight represented 0.0000006 of the U.S. population, whereas currently we account for fully 0.00025 of the U.S. population.
4. Certainly, many white men were excluded from the AAG of that time. Membership totaled 167 in 1941 and, after concerted efforts to attract geographers in government, 306 in 1948 when the AAG merged with the 1,094-member American Society for Professional Geographers (CitationJames and Martin 1978, 97, 102, 106).
5. Lee's figures are based on analysis of listings in the AAG's Guide to Geography Programs, which as CitationMonk (2004) has pointed out, excluded small geography programs, undergraduate-only programs, and, at the time of Lee's study, geographers in government.
6. Geography lags the physical sciences and the social sciences, however, in the proportion of bachelor's degrees awarded to women; the proportions are 34.7 percent in geography, 39.8 in the physical sciences, and 50.5 in the social sciences (CitationPandit 2004).
7. In 2002, only 1.2 percent of AAG members were black (cf. 12.3 percent of the U.S. population), 1.3 percent were Hispanic (cf. 13 percent of the population), and 5.4 percent were Asian (cf. 4 percent of the population).
8. Women are now about 12 percent of full professors (CitationRaleigh 2001). Substantial gender disparities remain: about one-third (32.4 percent) of the female AAG membership has the PhD, compared to more than half (54.4 percent) of the male membership (more than three-quarters of those in the AAG with a PhD are men, and less than one-quarter are women).
9. Fellmann (1986) traces the origins of American economic geography to the historicism that became influential in German economics in the latter part of the nineteenth century. When economists dropped interest in time- and place-specific studies, geographers picked it up.
10. A complete list of the twenty-two papers presented in 1904 appears in CitationJames and Martin (1978, 40, 41).
11. It is interesting to reflect on how geographic factors themselves affected the intellectual development of the discipline. CitationJames and Martin (1978, 20) note how face-to-face interaction among early AAG members was seriously constrained by the friction of distance: “During this period there was very little contact between geographers working at Harvard with a foundation in geology, geographers at Yale with the ontographic viewpoint, and geographers working at Pennsylvania with a foundation in economics. Travel between these places was not lightly undertaken, and certainly not for casual purposes.”
12. Women geographers did go into the field, but their fieldwork was often hampered by their marginalized position within the academy as well as by male exclusionary practices (CitationMonk 2004).
13. On the assumption that most readers are familiar with the wide range of contemporary geographic questions, I will not describe this panoply in great detail.
14. In addition to asking a multiplicity of diverse questions, geographic researchers now employ approaches that run the full gamut from controlled experiment to ethnography, remote sensing and GIS, archival research, statistical analysis of survey data and of census and other secondary data, and textual analysis. Some rely on fieldwork; others do not.
15. Women favor biogeography, men geomorphology; women physical geographers use quantitative methods, whereas men emphasize laboratory methods more than their female counterparts.
16. This section incorporates ideas exchanged at a strategic planning meeting for the Geography and Regional Science Program at the National Science Foundation, October 24–25, 2003. Present at this meeting were Ron Abler, Richard Aspinall, Tom Baerwald, Bernie Bauer, Gregory Chu, Roger Downs, Pat Gober, J.W. Harrington, David Hodge, Brian Holly, Nina Lam, Vicky Lawson, Tom Leinbach, and myself.
17. In this view I see the field as already pursuing the union option, which CitationTurner (2002, 64) sees as an unlikely scenario for geography's future.