The dimensional structure of the emotional self‐efficacy scale (ESES)

Figures & data

Table 1 Standardised factor loadings for the EFA and CFA models

Factor and items	Factor loading EFA: PME^a	Factor loading CFA
Factor 1. Using and managing your own emotions
8. Change your negative emotion to a positive emotion	0.88	0.76
3. Create a positive emotion when feeling a negative emotion	0.82	0.71
18. Use positive emotions to generate good ideas	0.62	0.76
30. Generate the right emotion so that creative ideas can unfold	0.57	0.76
14. Get into a mood that best suits the occasion	0.55	0.61
12. Regulate your own emotions when under pressure	0.55	0.68
22. Create emotions to enhance cognitive performance	0.54	0.65
20. Calm down when feeling angry	0.53	0.55
6. Use positive emotions to generate novel solutions to old problems	0.49	0.67
26. Create emotions to enhance physical performance	0.48	0.63
Factor 2. Identifying and understanding your own emotions
27. Figure out what causes you to feel differing emotions	0.79	0.82
11. Know what causes you to feel a negative emotion	0.72	0.81
1. Correctly identify your own negative emotions	0.68	0.67
9. Correctly identify your own positive emotions	0.68	0.64
19. Understand what causes your emotions to change	0.61	0.61
4. Know what causes you to feel a positive emotion	0.60	0.65
Factor 3. Dealing with emotions in others
7. Realise what causes another person to feel a positive emotion	0.79	0.74
24. Help another person calm down when he or she is feeling angry	0.63	0.63
31. Figure out what causes another person's differing emotions	0.62	0.69
32. Help another person regulate emotions after he or she has suffered a loss	0.61	0.62
15. Realise what causes another person to feel a negative emotion	0.59	0.65
2. Help another person change a negative emotion to a positive emotion	0.55	0.57
23. Understand what causes another person's emotions to change	0.54	0.61
13. Correctly identify when another person is feeling a positive emotion	0.50	0.58
Factor 4. Perceiving emotion through facial expressions and body language
25. Recognise what emotion you are communicating through your facial expression	0.67	0.79
21. Notice the emotion another person's body language is portraying	0.63	0.68
17. Notice the emotion your body language is portraying	0.57	0.77

Notes. CFA model used maximum likelihood estimation. In the final model, the four factors were allowed to correlate with one another: Factors 1 and 2, r = 0.65; Factors 1–3, r = 0.62; Factors 1 and 4, r = 0.66; Factors 2 and 3, r = 0.69; Factors 2 and 4, r = 0.63; and Factors 3 and 4, r = 0.72. PME = pattern matrix element.

a Questions 28, 10, 29, 5, and 16 all loaded below 0.45 and are not retained in the final four‐factor solution.

Table 2 Correlations among emotional self‐efficacy, ability and trait EI, personality cognitive ability, and age

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22
1. ESES (Total)	(0.93)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2. ESES Us/Ma/Own	0.88**	(0.88)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
3. ESES Id/Un/Own	0.80**	0.58**	(0.86)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
4. ESES Emo/Others	0.81**	0.53**	0.57**	(0.85)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
5. ESES Per/Fac/Bod	0.74**	0.53**	0.52**	0.61**	(0.80)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
6. MSCEIT (Total)	0.09	0.01	0.14*	0.10	0.04	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
7. MSCEIT (Perc)	0.00	−0.02	0.04	0.03	−0.07	0.75**	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
8. MSCEIT (Use)	0.13*	0.07	0.15*	0.13*	0.09	0.78**	0.49**	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
9. MSCEIT (Und)	0.03	0.00	0.04	0.02	0.01	0.58**	0.20**	0.32**	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
10. MSCEIT (Man)	0.13*	0.08	0.13*	0.11	0.10	0.68**	0.28**	0.44**	0.38**	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
11. TEIQue (Total)	0.68**	0.67**	0.58**	0.48**	0.38**	0.21**	0.06	0.23**	0.07	0.24**	(0.86)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
12. TEIQue (WB)	0.45**	0.56**	0.40**	0.18**	0.15*	0.10	0.08	0.14*	−0.06	0.13*	0.75**	(0.85)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
13. TEIQue (SC)	0.56**	0.62**	0.45**	0.32**	0.29**	0.16**	0.08	0.20**	0.11	0.12	0.74**	0.50**	(0.67)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
14. TEIQue (Em)	0.44**	0.32**	0.43**	0.43**	0.27**	0.18**	−0.06	0.18**	0.11	0.23**	0.67**	0.29**	0.32**	(0.66)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
15. TEIQue (Soc)	0.44**	0.34**	0.31**	0.43**	0.40**	0.18**	0.07	0.13*	0.11	0.22**	0.59**	0.26**	0.26**	0.26**	(0.70)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
16. IPIP (Ext)	0.32**	0.29**	0.21**	0.30**	0.26**	0.02	−0.01	0.05	−0.05	0.08	0.46**	0.40**	0.14*	0.25**	0.49**	(0.89)	–	–	–	–	–	–
17. IPIP (Agr)	0.28**	0.19**	0.22**	0.38**	0.09	0.15*	−0.02	0.17**	0.02	0.14*	0.43**	0.27**	0.22**	0.58**	0.08	0.23**	(0.78)	–	–	–	–	–
18. IPIP (Cons)	0.29**	0.20**	0.31**	0.25**	0.22**	0.05	−0.05	0.07	−0.01	0.07	0.43**	0.21**	0.28**	0.30**	0.26**	0.09	0.19**	(0.79)	–	–	–	–
19. IPIP (Neu)	0.44**	0.54**	0.34**	0.21**	0.19**	0.17**	0.12	0.21**	0.05	0.12	0.58**	0.45**	0.74**	0.20**	0.21**	0.19**	0.14*	0.13*	(0.85)	–	–	–
20. IPIP (Open)	0.35**	0.30**	0.23**	0.31**	0.30**	0.20**	0.15*	0.13*	0.21**	0.14*	0.31**	0.05	0.20**	0.21**	0.41**	0.25**	0.09	0.17**	0.09	(0.83)	–	–
21. Raven's	0.01	−0.06	0.04	0.06	0.00	0.28**	0.20**	0.24**	0.19**	0.16*	−0.07	−0.12	0.00	0.01	0.02	−0.09	0.07	−0.13*	0.02	0.15*	–	–
22. Age	0.24**	0.24**	0.17**	0.16**	0.17**	−0.16**	−0.05	−0.06	−0.30**	−0.21**	0.19**	0.10	0.21**	0.12	0.07	0.04	0.18**	0.16*	0.13*	0.07	−0.02	–

Note. Available internal reliability coefficients (alpha) are listed along the diagonal. Correlations among ESES total, ESES subscales, and age run for full sample (N = 1,085) to maximise variability. Perc = perceiving emotions; Use = using emotions; Und = understanding emotions; Man = managing emotions; ESES Us/Ma/Own = using and managing own emotions; ESES Id/Un/Own: identifying and understanding own emotions; ESES Emo/Others = dealing with emotions in others; ESES Per/Fac/Bod = perceiving emotion through facial expressions and body language; WB = well‐being; SC = self‐control; Em = emotionality; Soc = sociability; Ext = extraversion; Agr = agreeableness; Cons = conscientiousness; Neu = neuroticism (items reverse coded); Open = openness; Ravens = Raven's advanced progressive matrices (Set 1).

* p < .05, **p < .01.