Comparison of humic acid fractions derived from thermally created plant residues and natural soils: Spectroscopic and elemental analyses

Figures & data

Table 1 Log(A400/A600), A600/C, and elementary composition of humic acid like substances obtained from three plant residues with volcanic ash using thermal incubation

Sample	Log (A 400 /A 600 )	A 600 /C	RE value	Type of HA	Elemental composition (weight %)				Atomic ratio
					C	H	N	O	H/C	O/C	N/C	O/H
RS0	1.01	0.26	4.0	Rp	50.45	5.16	2.36	42.03	1.23	0.62	0.04	0.51
RS25	0.90	0.82	12.7	Rp	49.13	4.73	2.23	43.91	1.16	0.67	0.04	0.58
RS50	0.80	2.03	31.3	Rp	50.63	4.46	2.09	42.82	1.06	0.63	0.04	0.60
RS100	0.76	4.05	62.5	B	52.32	4.03	2.00	41.65	0.92	0.60	0.03	0.65
RS160	0.74	5.32	82.2	A	56.55	3.19	1.74	38.52	0.68	0.51	0.03	0.75
BL0	0.94	0.46	7.1	Rp	^†	^†	^†	^†	^†	^†	^†	^†
BL25	0.84	1.68	26.0	Rp	46.39	4.91	0.77	47.93	1.27	0.77	0.01	0.61
BL50	0.83	2.36	36.5	Rp	47.44	4.57	0.65	47.34	1.16	0.75	0.01	0.65
BL100	0.83	3.44	53.1	B	50.99	4.03	0.86	44.12	0.95	0.65	0.01	0.68
BL160	0.82	3.97	61.3	B	52.78	3.49	0.33	43.40	0.79	0.62	0.01	0.78
JCSD0	0.90	0.40	6.1	Rp	45.98	4.38	0.39	49.25	1.14	0.80	0.01	0.70
JCSD25	0.87	1.67	25.7	Rp	49.24	4.23	0.94	45.59	1.03	0.69	0.02	0.67
JCSD50	0.86	2.44	37.7	Rp	49.93	4.14	0.80	45.13	0.99	0.68	0.01	0.68
JCSD100	0.84	2.94	45.4	B	50.92	3.77	0.83	44.48	0.89	0.66	0.01	0.74
JCSD160	0.84	3.38	52.1	B	51.08	3.67	0.43	44.82	0.86	0.66	0.01	0.76
Lignin (LG)	1.00	0.52	8.1	Rp	59.69	5.84	2.39	32.08	1.17	0.40	0.03	0.34
Dando (DN)	0.61	3.45	53.2	p	53.90	4.97	4.40	36.73	1.11	0.51	0.07	0.46
Nagamine (NG)^‡	0.69	2.33	36	p	53.40	5.39	4.77	36.44	1.21	0.51	0.08	0.42
Inogashira (IG)^‡	0.51	7.26	112	A	56.60	3.81	3.89	35.70	0.81	0.47	0.06	0.59
Sugadaira (SG)^‡	0.57	5.18	80	A	51.40	4.25	3.23	41.12	0.99	0.60	0.05	0.60
Oginosen (OG)^‡	0.55	9.01	139	A	63.00	3.08	1.20	32.72	0.59	0.39	0.02	0.66
^†Indicated not measured.
^‡Data were cited from ) and Fujitake et al. (1998 Yanagi et al. (2003). BL. Broad leaf; JCSD, Japanese cedar sawdust; HA, humic acid; RS, rice straw.

Figure 1  Log (A400/A600) versus A600/C diagrams of humic acid like substances (HALS) and soil humic acids (HAs) and their classification. BL, broad leaf; DN, Dando; IG, Inogashira; JCSD, Japanese cedar sawdust; LG, lignin; NG, Nagamine; OG, Oginosen; RS, rice straw; SG, Sugadaira.

Figure 2  (a) H/C versus O/C and (b) H/C versus O/H diagrams of humic acid like substances (HALS) and soil humic acids (HAs). The direction of the arrows indicates: a, dehydration; b, demethanation; c, decarboxylation. BL, broad leaf; DN, Dando; IG, Inogashira; JCSD, Japanese cedar sawdust; LG, lignin; NG, Nagamine; OG, Oginosen; RS, rice straw; SG, Sugadaira.

Figure 3  1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of humic acid like substances (HALS) and soil humic acids (HAs). BL, broad leaf; DN, Dando; IG, Inogashira; JCSD, Japanese cedar sawdust; LG, lignin; NG, Nagamine; OG, Oginosen; RS, rice straw; SG, Sugadaira.

Table 2 Distribution of proton species on humic acid like substances thermally created from different plant residues in various incubation periods and on various soil humic acids

Sample	% of proton species (δ, p.p.m.)					Hal (Hγ + Hβ + Hα)
	Hγ (0.0–0.9)	Hβ (0.9–1.6)	Hα (1.6–3.0)	Hc-o (3.0–4.3)	Har (6.0–9.0)
RS0	6.6	11.3	12.8	48.0	21.3	30.7
RS25	5.4	10.2	15.8	44.9	23.6	31.4
RS50	5.4	10.0	16.3	43.9	24.4	31.7
RS100	4.2	10.3	18.3	40.7	26.5	32.8
RS160	8.5	17.5	22.0	25.7	26.5	47.9
BL0	4.3	6.5	11.2	58.3	19.6	22.0
BL25	2.9	4.9	11.1	58.9	22.2	18.9
BL50	2.5	4.8	11.4	58.5	22.8	18.7
BL100	2.6	5.0	11.7	56.9	23.8	19.3
BL160	2.9	6.7	18.8	42.6	29.0	28.4
JCSD0	9.6	17.3	16.9	35.3	20.9	43.8
JCSD25	7.3	12.5	13.8	40.5	26.0	33.5
JCSD50	6.4	13.7	15.5	38.7	25.8	35.6
JCSD100	3.8	8.1	17.4	41.6	29.1	29.4
JCSD160	4.5	7.1	19.6	40.3	28.4	31.3
Lignin (LG)	2.3	4.3	17.9	47.0	28.5	24.5
Dando (DN)	13.5	27.6	25.5	24.5	8.9	66.6
Nagamine (NG)^†	10.1	22.1	24.3	29.9	13.6	56.5
Inogashim (IG)	9.7	20.1	21.5	30.0	18.7	51.3
Sugadaira (SG)^†	10.4	19.2	17.9	29.9	22.6	47.5
Oginosen (OG)^†	4.1	9.3	12.8	15.7	58.1	26.2
^†Data were cited from Fujitake et al. (1999)

Figure 4  13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of humic acid like substances (HALS) and soil humic acids (HAs). BL, broad leaf; DN, Dando; IG, Inogashira; LG, lignin; NG, Nagamine; OG, Oginosen; RS, rice straw; SG, Sugadaira.

Table 3 Distribution of carbon species on humic acid like substances of rice straw and broad leaf incubated with volcanic ash for various incubation periods and on various soil humic acids.

Sample	% of carbon species (δ, p.p.m.)						Aromaticity
	Aliphatic (0–48)	Methoxyl and Carbohydrate (48–105)	Aromatic (105–145)	Phenolic (145–165)	Carboxylic (165–180)	Carbonyl (180–220)
RS0	14.6	30.2	32.7	11.4	10.3	0.8	0.50
RS25	14.5	23.8	38.6	12.1	9.5	1.4	0.57
RS50	13.0	21.7	39.2	12.6	11.8	1.6	0.60
RS100	9.8	17.2	39.6	13.9	15.7	3.8	0.66
RS160	8.5	13.0	39.9	11.0	17.2	10.3	0.70
BL0	13.5	27.3	32.5	11.3	9.1	6.3	0.52
BL160	11.2	21.5	30.3	13.3	13.6	10.2	0.57
Lignin (LG)	11.7	23.4	37.3	13.2	8.1	6.3	0.59
Dando (DN)	20.1	25.4	26.7	7.3	17.0	3.5	0.43
Nagamine (NG)	17.3	24.4	29.2	8.2	17.6	3.3	0.47
Inogashira (IG)	12.4	19.7	41.0	7.3	17.1	2.5	0.60
Sugadaira (SG)	6.7	53.7	48.6	5.6	19.4	4.6	0.71
Oginosen (OG)	2.5	2.4	63.4	11.5	18.3	2.0	0.94

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