Effect of green revolution technology during the period 1970–2003 on sawah soil properties in Java, Indonesia: II. Changes in the chemical properties of soils

Figures & data

Figure 1  Map of Indonesia showing the location of Java Island and the distribution of the sampling sites in 1970 and 2003.

Table 1 Changes in pH, exchangeable acidity (kmolc ha−1), effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC) (kmolc ha−1) and available phosphorus (P) (kg P2O5 ha−1) in sawah in Java during the period 1970–2003

Profile no./location	pH H2O 1:25						Exchangeable acidity						eCEC						Available phosphorus (P)
	0–20 cm			0–100 cm			0–20 cm			0–100 cm			0–20 cm			0–100 cm			0–20 cm			0–100 cm
	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change
1. Kedunghalang Bogor	5.78	5.42	−6.2	6.47	5.75	−11.1	11.66	13.88	19.0	42.51	56.81	33.6	29.76	42.91	44.2	210.16	257.89	22.7	56.17	53.08	−5.5	178.97	202.85	13.3
3. Bendungan Ciawi	5.69	5.18	−9.0	6.43	5.28	−17.9	16.10	17.70	9.9	56.44	77.25	36.9	36.48	50.67	38.9	183.65	228.91	24.6	38.09	201.63	429.4	208.91	515.31	146.7
6. Singamerta Ciruas	6.05	4.63	−23.5	6.31	5.74	−9.0	12.58	16.80	33.5	37.52	38.66	3.0	30.92	48.20	55.9	139.57	140.50	0.7	283.34	407.10	43.7	661.8l	787.98	19.1
7. Petung Sentul	6.78	4.87	−28.2	6.57	5.88	−10.5	8.8	18.8	113.6	31.46	46.91	49.1	15.78	33.66	113.3	124.57	116.22	−6.7	68.3l	79.95	17.0	181.47	194.21	7.0
8. Pasir Gombong	5.51	5.12	−7.1	4.98	6.11	22.7	14.52	16.94	16.7	107.46	78.06	−27.4	27.73	35.89	29.4	159.25	135.61	−14.8	56.77	135.00	137.8	134.86	212.47	57.5
9. Palawad Karawang	5.83	4.87	−16.5	5.55	4.96	−10.6	11.8	14.16	20.0	48.14	53.61	11.4	79.26	69.61	−12.2	300.16	254.78	−15.1	61.34	50.15	−18.2	133.01	119.76	−10.0
10. Balitpa Sukamandi	7.56	4.63	−38.8	7.34	5.97	−18.7	6.26	19.52	211.8	21.72	35.40	63.0	65.72	56.36	−14.2	250.24	182.75	−27.0	51.21	122.15	138.5	105.35	161.83	53.6
11. LPPP Pusakanegara	7.23	5.59	−22.7	6.60	5.83	−11.7	7.58	17.60	132.2	39.34	50.84	29.2	104.55	81.14	−22.4	436.44	423.04	−3.1	59.12	80.33	35.9	107.95	182.77	69.3
12. Sudikampiran Sliyeg	5.87	6.31	7.5	6.49	6.48	−0.2	12.32	9.96	−19.2	35.02	33.2	−5.2	123.40	133.60	8.3	489.59	488.30	−0.3	144.60	166.78	15.3	962.45	507.79	−47.2
13. Sampora Cilimus	5.82	6.05	4.0	6.93	6.43	−7.2	12.42	11.28	−9.2	38.26	44.32	15.8	42.40	51.67	21.9	256.83	263.38	2.6	49.81	83.20	67.0	232.23	288.12	24.1
14. Pamoyanan Ketapang	5.61	5.07	−9.6	6.59	5.31	−19.4	11.12	12.64	13.7	34.04	54.27	59.4	46.60	57.22	22.8	242.78	230.70	−5.0	82.88	91.43	10.3	229.02	194.74	−15.0
16. Warungkaweni Cipageran	6.26	5.4	−13.7	6.89	5.59	−18.9	11.9	14.28	20.0	26.46	36.44	37.7	54.58	64.85	18.8	162.23	182.06	12.2	62.95	170.71	171.2	130.13	384.29	195.3
17. LPPP Ciheya	6.69	5.38	−19.6	7.44	5.82	−21.8	10.32	12.90	25.0	28.72	52.68	83.4	89.81	96.28	7.2	555.79	535.32	−3.7	60.53	130.22	115.1	196.13	572.50	191.9
18. Medini Undaan, Kudus	6.21	7.4	19.2	7.26	7.47	2.9	15.36	15.36	0.0	22.96	19.32	−15.9	148.33	268.22	80.8	802.37	773.76	−3.6	108.34	188.09	73.6	303.86	410.06	35.0
19. Mayong Lor Jepara	6.15	6.11	−0.7	6.72	6.26	−6.8	12.32	14.64	18.8	31.02	36.47	17.6	55.82	53.35	−4.4	189.50	164.75	−13.1	195.30	342.24	75.2	455.21	1678.00	268.6
20. Katonsari Demak	8.53	7.04	−17.5	7.64	7.49	−2.0	4.32	7.94	83.8	30.42	28.61	−6.0	228.38	239.91	5.1	981.34	977.91	−0.3	1670.8	492.57	194.8	479.15	1104.25	130.5
21. Kartoharjo Buaran	7.09	5.16	−27.2	7.32	5.68	−22.4	8.86	13.04	47.2	24.54	35.43	44.4	100.07	78.45	−21.6	329.97	239.63	−27.4	58.88	67.12	14.0	273.84	255.40	−6.7
22. Sirandu Pemalang	7.12	5.41	−24.0	7.43	6.46	−13.1	8.28	13.62	64.5	28.36	37.63	32.7	118.12	119.12	0.8	528.66	441.09	−16.6	100.85	107.11	6.2	403.58	310.17	−23.1
23. Bulakamba Brebes	7.23	6.65	−8.0	7.74	6.59	−14.9	7.68	10.24	33.3	16.00	22.18	38.6	132.30	147.84	11.7	471.08	467.90	−0.7	168.40	265.22	57.5	720.03	774.64	7.6
24. Bojong Purbolinggo	6.72	5.77	−14.1	7.45	6.31	−15.3	10.14	16.96	67.3	38.64	63.34	63.9	111.09	75.58	−32.0	630.16	451.58	−28.3	71.27	90.87	27.5	293.82	351.08	19.5
25. Lajer Amba1, Kebumen	6.8	5.35	−21.3	7.54	6.73	−10.7	9.52	14.28	50.0	39.06	43.82	12.2	129.57	99.57	−23.2	1021.82	690.68	−32.4	116.05	92.67	−20.1	390.91	698.78	78.8
26. Wonocatur Bantul	6.91	4.15	−39.9	7.14	6.15	−13.9	8.58	16.52	92.5	41.81	53.49	28.0	41.69	45.01	8.0	262.29	280.41	6.9	405.47	959.21	136.6	1443.88	3675.65	154.6
27. Semangkak Klaten	7.77	6.27	−19.3	7.48	6.66	−11.0	7.08	9.44	33.3	26.44	37.76	42.8	48.95	56.32	15.1	289.93	261.94	−9.7	347.39	470.20	35.4	968.85	1337.12	38.0
28. Jumapolo Karanganyar	7.42	5.86	−21.0	7.59	5.66	−25.4	6.96	13.6	95.4	29.48	56.2	90.6	37.88	40.86	7.9	194.24	172.46	−11.2	17.08	96.50	465.2	48.72	218.95	349.4
29. Tasikmadu Karanganyar	7.29	5.63	−22.8	7.44	6.15	−17.3	8.16	15.24	86.8	21.905	36.76	67.8	51.07	75.92	48.7	203.35	230.31	13.3	87.63	152.89	74.5	265.45	310.01	16.8
31. LPPP Ngale	7.48	6.46	−13.6	7.67	6.65	−13.3	8.30	10.96	32.0	19.82	29.26	47.6	200.89	211.51	5.3	921.92	926.64	0.5	67.91	268.52	295.4	182.52	443.42	142.9
32. BPMD Sukodadi	8.51	7.82	−8.1	7.89	7.59	−3.8	2.86	5.48	91.6	11.94	14.62	22.4	160.16	204.10	27.4	586.48	633.11	8.0	870.15	1689.69	94.2	2730.39	4444.14	62.8
33. BPMD Brenggolo	7.68	7.78	1.3	7.81	7.87	0.8	6.48	5.80	−10.5	15.74	14.96	−5.0	234.33	279.14	19.1	701.79	865.54	23.3	310.94	505.58	62.6	502.10	1449.33	188.7
34. Krese Wungu	6.91	5.21	−24.6	7.16	5.67	−20.8	7.02	12.07	71.9	21.38	34.05	59.3	60.17	59.97	−0.3	216.56	187.54	−13.4	93.65	234.66	150.6	255.66	379.24	48.3
35. Banjarsari Dagangan	7.77	4.93	−36.6	7.75	6.12	−21.0	6.2	18.47	197.9	23.79	45.49	91.2	201.20	204.13	1.5	1065.01	795.27	−25.3	29.79	67.48	126.5	48.42	167.68	246.3
36. Patang, Nglarnes	7.44	7.40	−0.5	7.44	7.47	0.4	8.1	7.93	−2.1	22.76	30.85	35.5	136.57	180.53	32.2	447.56	548.49	22.6	51.58	179.03	247.1	104.91	334.32	218.7
37. Pelem Paree	7.62	6.90	−9.4	7.49	7.25	−3.2	7.14	11.9	66.7	44.8	55.37	23.6	47.72	54.02	13.2	210.39	301.78	43.4	183.93	175.34	−4.7	1021.06	1034.26	1.3
38. Waung Baron Nganjuk	7.45	6.32	−15.2	7.45	6.76	−9.3	5.60	6.52	16.4	21.32	27.28	28.0	80.71	81.34	0.8	374.31	426.68	14.0	173.70	327.99	88.8	757.21	1065.48	40.7
39. LPPP Mojosari	7.42	6.1	−17.8	7.69	6.43	−16.4	4.72	7.81	65.5	17.92	35.96	100.7	50.18	46.60	−7.1	231.48	244.74	5.7	34.74	152.45	338.8	102.01	341.64	234.9
41. Maron Kulon	7.11	6.52	−8.3	7.42	6.98	−5.9	9.52	12.26	28.8	29.02	37.16	28.0	119.62	106.28	−11.2	491.62	366.00	−25.6	28.39	39.18	38.0	102.18	243.02	137.8
42. Labruk Kidul Lumajang	6.85	5.2	−24.1	7.15	5.98	−16.4	10.00	12.51	25.1	34.37	53.02	54.3	63.46	79.11	24.6	365.29	428.10	17.2	136.05	367.37	170.0	583.05	1213.29	108.1
43. BPMD Yosowilangun	7.34	6.59	−10.2	7.22	6.56	−9.1	7.66	11.24	46.7	34.98	47.24	35.0	85.16	93.70	10.0	555.60	521.37	−6.2	65.43	229.42	250.6	379.21	947.79	149.9
44. Srimurni Arjasa	6.37	5.16	−19.0	7.05	5.98	−15.2	14.16	18.88	33.3	40.48	52.58	29.9	99.72	70.94	−28.9	339.52	345.17	1.7	49.50	238.23	381.3	247.05	1111.59	349.9
45. LPPP Genteng	7.34	5.37	−26.8	7.39	6.23	−15.7	7.61	15.02	97.4	26.71	54.84	105.3	70.72	62.46	−11.7	386.18	386.60	0.1	374.88	458.00	22.2	1674.33	1954.08	16.7
46. Sukorejo Bangorejo	6.78	6.54	−3.5	6.92	6.67	−3.6	12.60	15.12	20.0	43.70	46.94	7.4	73.00	92.42	26.6	490.34	572.28	16.7	75.35	200.83	166.5	194.41	588.47	202.7
Mean Java, Indonesia	6.90	5.84	−15.4	7.12	6.32	−11.2	9.32	13.23	42.0	32.66	42.73	30.8	90.85	98.7l	8.7	420.00	403.53	−3.9	136.62	255.75	87.2	459.85	779.16	69.4
SD	0.77	0.90		0.61	0.68		3.09	3.72		15.60	14.48		56.10	66.36		255.50	230.63		154.72	292.41		523.73	893.80
t-test		***			***			***			***			ns			ns			***			***
Bangladesh†	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%
			change			change			change			change			change			change			change			change
Mean	6.16	5.9	−4.2	6.56	6.33	−3.5	6.73	8.76	30.2	37.91	48.41	27.7	272.40	245.28	−10.0	2297.95	2132.56	−7.2	172.68	156.84	−9.2	519.55	521.25	0.3
SD	0.91	1.04		0.95	1.05		8.47	9.32		57.40	61.70		236.35	205.16		1508.70	1555.50		105.96	88.28		338.10	400.66
†Data from Ali et al. 1997.
***Significant at P < 0.001; ns, not significant.

Table 2 The change in exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) (kmolc ha−1) in sawah in Java during the period 1970–2003

Profile no./location	Exchangeable Ca						Exchangeable Mg						Exchangeable K						Exchangeable Na
	0–20 cm			0–100 cm			0–20 cm			0–100 cm			0–20 cm			0–100 cm			0–20 cm			0–100 cm
	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change	1970	2003	% change
1. Kedunghalang Bogor	12.45	20.87	67.6	119.62	155.89	30.3	20.83	6.56	131.6	31.70	32.48	2.5	1.11	1.01	−9.2	5.92	3.34	−43.6	1.71	0.59	−65.7	10.41	9.37	−10.0
3. Bendungan Ciawi	11.32	22.67	100.2	79.80	100.57	26.0	4.43	7.04	58.9	24.87	35.74	43.7	2.13	2.12	−0.5	10.06	8.13	−19.2	2.49	1.13	−54.6	12.48	7.22	−42.1
6. Singamerta Ciruas	14.28	24.29	70.1	71.63	76.90	7.4	2.83	6.40	126.0	14.99	21.08	40.6	0.24	0.24	2.5	3.08	0.57	−81.5	0.99	0.47	−52.7	12.35	3.29	−73.4
7. Petung Sentul	3.41	13.23	287.6	61.98	57.56	−7.1	0.28	1.17	312.3	4.31	7.59	76.1	0.91	0.12	−87.3	3.78	0.51	−86.5	2.37	0.35	−85.3	23.04	3.65	−84.2
8. Pasir Gombong	10.06	13.87	37.8	29.71	38.74	30.4	2.44	3.78	54.7	9.05	12.07	33.4	0.19	0.36	86.2	4.55	2.12	−53.4	0.51	0.94	84.6	8.48	4.62	−45.5
9. Palawad Karawang	52.34	39.08	−25.3	188.99	149.53	−20.9	12.37	13.24	7.1	48.38	43.10	−10.9	0.59	1.14	93.5	4.30	2.00	−53.5	2.17	1.98	−8.7	10.35	6.54	−36.8
10. Balitpa Sukamandi	42.42	27.65	−34.8	147.00	111.61	−24.1	13.12	7.57	−42.3	58.65	30.96	−47.2	0.58	0.41	−28.9	3.26	0.77	−76.4	3.34	1.21	−63.8	19.61	4.01	−79.6
11. LPPP Pusakanegara	59.02	42.29	−28.3	213.15	217.86	2.2	29.89	16.46	−44.9	152.04	126.41	−16.9	2.22	1.23	−44.6	8.32	5.11	−38.6	5.85	3.55	−39.2	23.59	22.82	−3.3
12. Sudikampiran Sliyeg	76.70	87.74	14.4	308.28	310.50	0.7	28.88	32.91	13.9	122.44	126.67	3.5	1.89	0.98	−47.9	8.06	5.41	−32.9	3.61	2.00	−44.5	15.79	12.52	−20.7
13. Sampora Cilimus	20.08	26.89	33.9	144.72	153.18	5.8	6.65	11.44	72.2	53.48	56.24	5.2	1.43	1.27	−10.9	10.21	4.50	−55.9	1.83	0.79	−56.9	10.16	5.14	−49.4
14. Pamoyanan Ketapang	26.64	30.79	15.6	154.65	126.70	−18.1	6.96	12.25	76.2	42.72	43.90	2.8	0.60	0.48	−20.1	3.73	1.45	−61.1	1.29	1.05	−18.4	7.64	4.38	−42.7
16. Warungkaweni Cipageran	31.54	38.90	23.3	93.89	108.22	15.3	7.27	9.61	32.1	30.22	31.21	3.3	1.92	1.59	−16.9	5.06	4.13	−18.4	1.95	0.47	−75.9	6.60	2.06	−68.8
17. LPPP Ciheya	58.41	63.23	8.3	288.66	342.19	18.5	17.31	18.29	5.7	215.46	130.91	−39.2	0.65	1.05	62.2	5.32	2.91	−45.3	3.12	0.81	−74.2	17.63	6.63	−62.4
18. Medini Undaan, Kudus	118.27	237.41	100.7	733.34	706.63	−3.6	9.98	12.13	21.5	28.31	34.90	23.3	2.36	1.94	−17.8	7.17	7.24	1.0	2.36	1.39	−41.1	10.59	5.67	−46.5
19. Mayong Lor Jepara	33.44	29.81	−10.9	120.30	92.53	−23.1	7.42	5.06	−31.8	27.52	21.58	−21.6	1.12	2.85	153.6	4.36	10.26	135.3	1.51	1.00	−33.8	6.30	3.91	−37.9
20. Katonsari Demak	189.29	209.47	10.7	831.72	844.95	1.6	17.32	16.32	−5.8	68.54	73.64	7.4	2.24	1.71	−23.4	8.27	5.81	−29.7	15.21	4.48	−70.6	42.39	24.90	−41.3
21. Kartoharjo Buaran	68.19	44.00	−35.5	228.11	137.72	−39.6	18.89	18.18	−3.7	63.90	56.75	−11.2	1.42	0.29	−79.6	4.06	0.83	−79.6	2.72	2.94	8.2	9.36	8.90	−4.9
22. Sirandu Pemalang	82.63	74.39	−10.0	393.97	276.20	−29.9	22.02	28.75	30.5	85.62	116.90	36.5	1.46	1.33	−9.2	7.38	5.59	−24.3	3.73	1.04	−72.2	13.33	4.77	−64.2
23. Bulakamba Brebes	77.74	72.34	−7.0	290.19	222.87	−23.2	41.01	50.08	22.1	140.22	159.25	13.6	2.16	2.72	26.1	7.07	11.01	55.7	3.71	12.45	236.0	17.60	52.59	198.8
24. Bojong Purbolinggo	73.65	37.45	−49.2	416.84	248.95	−40.3	23.89	19.53	−18.3	152.43	125.97	−17.4	0.73	0.59	−19.5	7.41	6.99	−5.7	2.68	1.06	−60.5	14.84	6.33	−57.3
25. Lajer Amba1, Kebumen	97.63	70.23	−28.1	782.46	499.86	−36.1	17.95	13.47	−24.9	169.42	128.41	−24.2	0.88	0.51	−42.0	10.76	6.15	−42.8	3.59	1.08	−69.8	20.12	12.44	−38.2
26. Wonocatur Bantu1	24.10	19.64	−18.5	146.99	157.53	7.2	6.94	5.76	−16.9	50.32	51.98	3.3	0.87	2.36	169.7	10.53	10.74	2.0	1.20	0.74	−38.8	12.64	6.67	−47.2
27. Semangkak Klaten	29.85	33.28	11.5	184.00	160.60	−12.7	9.98	11.66	16.8	63.57	56.54	−11.1	0.42	1.05	146.1	4.89	2.85	−41.7	1.60	0.90	−43.7	11.03	4.19	−62.0
28. Jumapolo Karanganyar	22.66	20.22	−10.7	120.86	85.49	−29.3	5.12	6.13	19.7	29.43	25.93	−11.9	1.05	0.59	−43.2	5.00	2.85	−43.0	2.10	0.31	−85.2	9.47	1.99	−79.0
29. Tasikmadu Karanganyar	32.00	43.99	37.4	135.49	149.67	10.5	7.23	15.07	108.5	33.75	37.75	11.9	1.08	0.41	−62.5	3.49	1.36	−61.0	2.59	1.21	−53.3	8.71	4.77	−45.2
31. LPPP Ngale	152.22	160.43	5.4	728.53	713.85	−2.0	35.92	38.54	7.3	155.64	176.49	13.4	1.39	0.40	−70.9	5.65	1.69	−70.1	3.05	1.18	−61.4	12.28	5.35	−56.4
32. BPMD Sukodadi	126.52	168.16	32.9	488.28	512.59	5.0	15.20	20.28	33.5	54.80	66.34	21.1	2.62	4.50	71.9	7.14	13.28	86.0	12.97	5.68	−56.2	24.32	26.28	8.1
33. BPMD Brenggolo	210.43	241.79	14.9	636.23	756.65	18.9	12.32	27.21	120.8	33.85	77.15	127.9	2.26	2.26	−0.2	6.71	6.94	3.4	2.84	2.09	−26.6	9.26	9.84	6.3
34. Krese Wungu	42.52	37.07	−12.8	154.32	125.98	−18.4	8.17	9.96	22.0	30.61	24.55	−19.8	0.87	0.23	−73.2	3.52	0.91	−74.1	1.59	0.63	−60.3	6.73	2.05	−69.5
35. Banjarsari Dagangan	166.95	167.39	0.3	912.92	650.27	−28.8	20.78	16.97	−18.3	106.64	94.24	−11.6	1.60	0.48	−70.2	6.7S	2.07	−69.5	5.66	0.83	−85.4	14.88	3.20	−78.5
36. Patang, Nglames	101.00	145.81	44.4	331.16	425.79	28.6	22.43	23.68	5.6	73.94	76.98	4.1	1.39	0.79	−43.0	4.63	4.26	−8.0	3.64	2.31	−36.5	15.07	10.61	−29.6
37. Pelem Paree	29.75	28.74	−3.4	120.61	197.85	64.0	7.18	10.44	45.5	24.85	37.04	49.1	1.12	1.56	38.6	6.40	4.46	−30.3	2.53	1.37	−45.8	13.73	7.06	−48.6
38. Waung Baron Nganjuk	50.52	50.05	−0.9	237.94	288.80	21.4	20.14	21.78	8.2	95.24	100.67	5.7	1.75	1.75	0.0	7.35	4.67	−36.5	2.69	1.24	−53.8	12.46	5.26	−57.8
39. LPPP Mojosari	26.74	23.93	−10.5	127.56	126.59	−0.8	15.20	13.59	−10.6	71.21	76.32	7.2	1.27	0.44	−65.5	5.36	1.93	−64.0	2.25	0.83	−62.9	9.43	3.94	−58.2
41. Maron Kulon	71.37	53.40	−25.2	299.84	200.05	−33.3	33.57	37.64	12.1	142.32	113.19	−20.5	2.06	1.25	−39.5	7.44	6.85	−7.9	3.10	1.73	−44.3	13.00	8.75	−32.7
42. Labruk Kidul Lumajang	33.02	43.70	32.3	200.72	241.03	20.1	16.24	20.01	23.2	107.06	121.46	13.5	1.60	2.09	30.3	9.72	7.70	−20.8	2.59	0.80	−69.1	13.42	4.89	−63.6
43. BPMD Yosowilangun	42.01	47.26	12.5	287.28	267.25	−7.0	27.56	30.74	11.5	201.15	185.07	−8.0	3.28	3.06	−6.5	14.54	14.96	2.9	4.65	1.39	−70.0	17.65	6.85	−61.2
44. Srimurni Arjasa	48.19	35.30	−26.7	189.40	196.45	3.7	33.28	13.17	−60.4	85.37	79.75	−6.6	1.45	2.93	101.5	9.58	11.92	24.4	2.64	0.67	−74.7	14.69	4.47	−69.6
45. LPPP Genteng	37.05	30.65	−17.3	210.60	204.08	−3.1	21.18	14.78	−30.2	121.95	111.91	−8.2	1.77	1.14	−35.8	11.73	10.40	−11.3	3.11	0.88	−71.9	15.19	5.37	−64.6
46. Sukorejo Bangorejo	37.78	49.67	31.5	279.41	316.08	13.1	16.40	24.50	49.4	130.93	184.56	41.0	2.44	1.82	−25.2	12.66	12.94	2.2	3.79	1.31	−65.4	23.64	11.76	−50.3
Mean Java, Indonesia	61.11	65.68	7.5	2S7.28	268.89	−6.4	15.71	16.80	6.9	78.92	77.84	−1.4	1.43	1.33	−7.0	6.88	5.44	−20.9	3.28	1.67	−49.1	14.26	8.63	−39.5
SD	50.04	62.23		230.57	209.52		10.25	10.57		55.23	49.96		0.71	0.98		2.80	3.97		2.76	2.06		6.64	9.10
t–test		ns			ns			ns			ns			ns			***			***			***
Bangladesh†	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%	1967	1995	%
			change			change			change			change			change			change			change			change
Mean	187.09	165.29	−11.7	1642.40	1518.10	−7.6	58.96	53.84	−8.7	537.47	480.20	−10.7	5.64	3.88	−31.2	29.07	25.71	−11.6	13.97	13.52	−3.2	51.15	60.11	17.5
SD	199.00	165.40		1392.20	1425.00		45.30	44.97		360.40	417.50		3.98	3.48		15.80	18.70		16.30	22.10		46.2	85.8
†Data from Ali et al. 1997.
******Significant at P < 0.001; ns, not significant.

Table 3 Correlation matrix of the mean values in 2003 (right to left) and in 1970 (up to down) of sawah soil properties in the 0–20 cm layer from soil samples taken in Java, Indonesia

	Soil pH	Exch. acidity	Exch. Ca	Exch. Mg	Exch. K	Exch. Na	eCEC	Avail. P	TC†	TN†
Soil pH		−0.728**	0.656**	0.497**	0.451**	0.402*	0.647**	0.304	0.300	0.113
Exch. acidity	−0.897**		−0.429**	−0.469**	−0.291	−0.348*	−0.389*	−0.384*	−0.131	−0.025
Exch. Ca	0.530**	−0.382*		0.386*	0.251	0.288	0.987**	0.300	0.493**	0.315
Exch. Mg	0.327*	−0.213	0.431		0.246	0.578**	0.502**	0.016	0.203	0.138
Exch. K	0.326*	−0.149	0.411**	0.453**		0.408**	0.276	0.641**	−0.041	−0.042
Exch. Na	0.623**	−0.517**	0.600**	0.283	0.518**		0.368*	0.279	0.037	0.092
eCEC	0.518**	−0.352*	0.984**	0.575**	0.480**	0.614**		0.265	0.492*	0.324
Avail. P	0.388*	−0.376*	0.201	−0.084	0.159	0.408**	0.165		−0.162	−0.190
TC†	−0.269	0.230	0.117	0.065	0.184	0.020	0.132	−0.020		0.938
TN†	−0.313*	0.279	0.042	0.011	0.207	0.059	0.058	−0.107	0.760**
†Data from Darmawan et al. (in press).
*P < 0.05;
**P < 0.01. Avail., available; Exch., exchangeable; TC, total carbon; TN, total nitrogen.

Table 4 The effects of land management on changes in chemical properties of sawah soil in the 0–20 cm and 0–100 cm soil layers at seedfarm and non-seedfarm sites during the period 1970–2003 in Java, Indonesia

Soil properties	Seedfarm				Non-seedfarm				t-test‡
	n	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD†	Change (%)	n	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD†	Change (%)
		1970	2003			1970	2003
0–20 cm
pH H2O (1 : 2.5)	18	7.13 ± 0.66	5.88 ± 1.02***	−1.25 (−17)	22	6.7 ± 0.81	5.81 ± 0.81***	−0.90 (−13)	−1.259ns
Exch. Acidity (kmolc ha^−1)	18	8.68 ± 3.40	12.80 ± 4.60***	4.11 (47)	22	9.84 ± 2.78	13.6 ± 2.90***	3.26 (38)	1.919ns
Exch. Ca (kmolc ha^−1)	18	60.10 ± 52.20	64.20 ± 61.60^ns	4.15 (7)	22	61.90 ± 49.50	66.80 ± 64.20^ns	4.92 (8)	0.470ns
Exch. Mg (kmolc ha^−1)	18	18.80 ± 10.80	19.30 ± 11.70^ns	0.49 (3)	22	13.20 ± 9.20	14.70 ± 9.30*	1.58 (12)	−1.074ns
Exch. K (kmolc ha^−1)	18	1.62 ± 0.84	1.75 ± 1.13^ns	0.14 (8)	22	1.27 ± 0.56	0.98 ± 0.67*	−0.30 (−23)	1.864ns
Exch. Na (kmolc ha^−1)	18	3.49 ± 2.63	2.07 ± 2.88*	−1.42 (−41)	22	3.11 ± 2.91	1.34 ± 0.96***	−1.77 (−57)	0.423ns
ECEC (kmolc ha^−1)	18	92.70 ± 56.40	100.20 ± 66.80^ns	7.47 (8)	22	89.30 ± 57.10	97.50 ± 67.50^ns	8.19 (9)	0. 880ns
Available P (kg P2O5 ha^−1)	18	198 ± 211	393 ± 382***	194 (98)	22	86 ± 49	143 ± 105**	57 (67)	3.054ns
0–100 cm
pH H2O (1 : 2.5)	18	7.26 ± 0.46	6.38 ± 0.64***	−0.89 (−12)	22	7.01 ± 0.70	6.28 ± 0.72***	−0.72 (−10)	−0.842ns
Exch. Acidity (kmolc ha^−1)	18	29.70 ± 12.00	41.40 ± 16.00***	11.67 (39)	22	35.10 ± 17.90	43.80 ± 13.40**	8.75 (25)	0.895ns
Exch. Ca (kmolc ha^−1)	18	267.1 ± l79.1	278.5 ± 196.7^ns	11.45 (4)	22	303.8 ± 268.5	261.0 ± 224.4*	−42.8 (−14)	2.241ns
Exch. Mg (kmolc ha^−1)	18	98.70 ± 58.60	99.60 ± 53.10^ns	0.85 (l)	22	62.70 ± 40.70	60.00 ± 40.20^ns	−2.66 (−4)	0.484ns
Exch. K (kmolc ha^−1)	18	7.94 ± 3.20	7.14 ± 4.74^ns	−0.80 (−10)	22	6.01 ± 2.13	4.05 ± 2.56***	−1.96 (−33)	1.477ns
Exch. Na (kmolc ha^−1)	18	15.50 ± 4.90	10.60 ± 12.20*	−4.88 (−31)	22	13.20 ± 7.80	6.98 ± 5.09***	−6.24 (−47)	0.530ns
ECEC (kmolc ha^−1)	18	419.0 ± 196.6	437.3 ± 216.5^ns	18.28 (4)	22	420.8 ± 299.9	375.9 ± 243.0^ns	−44.9 (−11)	2.336ns
Available P (kg P2O5 ha^−1)	18	654 ± 690	1198 ± 1148***	544 (83)	22	301 ± 255	436 ± 379*	135 (45)	2.841ns
†Paired sample t-test.
‡Independent sample t-test between changes in the mean values from 1970 to 2003 at seedfarrns and non-seedfarms.
*P ≤ 0.05;
**P ≤ 0.01;
***P ≤ 0.001; ns, not significant.

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