Sorption behavior of selenium and antimony in soils as a function of phosphate ion concentration

Figures & data

Table 1 Soil samples used in Experiment 1

Soil groups	Classification of FAO^†	Classification of cultivated soils in Japan^‡	No. samples		K d-range (L kg^−1)^§
			Upland	Paddy		K d-Se	K d-Sb
Andosol	Andosols	Andosols	25	15	Max.	1616	419
					Mean^¶	413	96
					Min.	88	13
Fluvisol	Fluvisols	Gray lowland soils, Lowland paddy soils and Gley lowland soils	22	47	Max.	1606	612
					Mean^¶	195	51
					Min.	12	4
Cambisol	Cambisols, Alisols and Acrisols	Yellow soils, Red soils and Brown lowland soils	22	7	Max.	2130	2065
					Mean^¶	217	93
					Min.	19	4
Regosol	Regosols and Alenosols	Sand-dune Regosols	3	0	Max.	20	4
					Mean^¶	10	3
					Min.	4	1
All soils			72	69	Max.	2130	2065
					Mean^¶	232	66
					Min.	4	1
^† Food and Agriculture Organization–United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (1990).
^‡ Cultivated Soil Classification Committee (1995).
^§These values include the value reported in Nakamaru et al. 2005a, 2006b.
^¶Geometric mean value.

Table 2 Characteristics of the soil samples used in this study†

Soil group		pH (H2O)	Acid oxalate extractable Al (g kg^−1)	Acid oxalate extractable Fe (g kg^−1)	CEC (cmolc kg^−1)	Total-C (%)
Andosols	Max.	7.0	96.2	76.3	42.7	10.9
	Mean	6.0	28.9	16.0	17.1	5.0
	Min.	5.0	4.9	2.7	7.0	1.6
Fluvisols	Max.	7.8	41.1	29.7	46.7	5.9
	Mean	6.0	2.5	6.9	13.3	2.2
	Min.	4.3	0.8	2.3	0.8	0.9
Cambisols	Max.	8.3	66.1	27.7	18.1	4.4
	Mean	6.0	3.6	6.6	12.1	1.6
	Min.	4.7	0.8	1.5	6.0	0.3
Regosols	Max.	6.9	0.5	1.6	1.4	0.22
	Mean	6.7	0.4	0.8	1.4	0.08
	Min.	6.5	0.3	0.4	1.4	0.04
All soils	Max.	8.3	96.2	76.3	46.7	10.9
	Mean	6.0	5.2	8.3	13.6	2.4
	Min.	4.3	0.3	0.4	0.8	0.04
^†This table was modified from Nakamaru et al. (2006b) with new data. CEC, cation exchange capacity, Max., maximum sample value, Mean, geometric mean value; Min., minimum sample value.

Table 3 Chemical properties of the soils used for the pot cultivation experiment

Soil sample	pH (H2O)	Plant-available phosphate^† (mg P2O5 kg^−1)	Phosphate retention capacity^‡ (g P2O5 kg^−1)	Se content (mg Se kg^−1)	Sb content (mg Sb kg^−1)
Abashiri-C	5.5	299	11.6	0.76	0.44
Abashiri-F	6.2	20	13.3	0.49	0.46
Kawatabi-C	6.4	77	24.8	0.35	–
^†Measured using the Truog method (Blakemore et al. 1981).
^‡Measured using the method of Nanzyo et al. 1998.

Figure 1  Probability distributions of the soil–soil solution distribution coefficients of selenium (Kd-Se) and antimony (Kd-Sb) (n = 141).

Figure 2  Relationship between the soil–soil solution distribution coefficients of selenium (Kd-Se) and antimony (Kd-Sb) (n = 141).

Figure 3  Changes in the soil–soil solution distribution coefficients of (a) selenium (Kd-Se) and (b,c) antimony (Kd-Sd) of Fluvisol (F1: , ) and Andosol (A1: , ) plotted against the phosphate concentration in the soil solution under elevated levels of PO4 concentration. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of three replicates.

Table 4 Soil–soil solution distribution coefficients (Kd) and the stable selenium and antimony amounts in each extracted fraction of the tested soils

Soil group^†	Prefecture^‡	Land use	K d-Se (L kg^−1)	K d-Sb (L kg^−1)	Total-Se, total-Sb		Soluble-Se, soluble-Sb		0.1 mol L^−1 Na2HPO4 extractable Se and Sb
					Se (mg kg^−1)	Sb (mg kg^−1)	Se (µg kg^−1)	Sb (µg kg^−1)	Se (µg kg^−1)	Sb(µg kg^−1)
Samples used for the extraction experiment
Andosols	Hokkaido	Upland	1028	243	0.37	1.12	0.5	0.2	14.4	5.6
	Akita	Upland	580	90	0.96	1.25	1.9	0.7	64.7	5.3
	Chiba	Upland	362	161	0.57	0.88	1.9	1.1	29.7	6.4
	Tochigi	Paddy	292	38	1.00	0.61	1.5	1.7	18.3	5.7
	Kumamoto	Upland	708	207	–	0.28	1.7	0.3	34.2	3.7
	Ibaraki	Upland	737	264	–	0.58	0.2	0.2	30.3	2.1
	Hokkaido	Upland	93	13	–	0.65	0.3	1.2	8.6	2.7
Fluvisols	Tochigi	Upland	553	119	0.47	1.13	2.4	1.4	12.0	11.0
	Akita	Paddy	1034	83	0.51	1.28	1.1	0.9	17.0	8.2
	Shizuoka	Paddy	611	180	0.38	0.96	0.8	0.7	25.0	5.6
	Niigata	Paddy	833	270	0.40	0.85	0.8	0.6	18.1	5.8
	Gifu	Paddy	108	18	0.26	1.19	1.9	3.2	4.6	7.1
	Shiga	Paddy	203	27	0.27	1.29	1.5	2.7	ND	10.1
	Ibaraki	Paddy	274	114	–	0.73	0.6	0.9	13.7	3.6
	Hiroshima	Paddy	77	38	–	1.07	0.4	1.9	5.6	4.0
	Saga	Paddy	68	39	–	1.37	1.0	1.8	2.7	3.3
	Niigata	Paddy	408	262	–	0.53	–	0.8	15.4	4.5
Cambisols	Fukushima	Upland	113	45	0.57	0.97	2.9	2.1	5.0	6.2
	Aichi	Upland	37	19	0.38	0.65	1.9	1.6	8.3	5.2
	Okinawa	Upland	195	51	–	–	1.0	0.4	8.7	2.3
	Ishikawa	Upland	490	193	–	0.29	1.4	0.3	64.7	3.0
	Saga	Paddy	86	25	–	1.37	1.5	2.4	12.6	4.6
Samples used for the K d measurement under elevated levels of KH2PO4 and Na2HPO4
Andosol (A1)	Miyagi	Upland	293	29	0.21	–	3.2	0.4	25.8	1.6
Fulivisol (F1)	Miyagi	Paddy	657	446	–	–	2.3	1.4	21.2	7.0
	Max.		1034	446	1.00	1.37	3.2	3.2	64.7	11.0
	Mean		284	78	0.44	0.83	1.16	0.9	14.9	4.7
	Min.		37	13	0.21	0.28	0.2	0.2	2.7	1.6
^† Food and Agriculture Organization–United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (1990).
^‡The prefecture of soil sampling sites. Mean, geometric mean value; ND, not detected; –, no data.

Figure 4  Changes in the soil–soil solution distribution coefficients of (a) selenium (Kd-Se) and (a,b) antimony (Kd-Sd) of Fluvisol (F1: , ) and Andosol (A1: , ) plotted against the sulfate concentration in the soil solution under elevated levels of SO4 concentration Error bars indicate the standard deviation of three replicates.

Table 5 Selenium and antimony contents of the soybean plants in Experiment 4

Soil	Se application^†	Se and Sb contents in soybean
		Se (µg Se kg^−1)		Sb (µg Sb kg^−1)
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Abashiri-C	+Se	47	7	3.6	0.5
	–Se	51	8	4.2	0.4
Abashiri-F	+Se	37	6	5.7	0.9
	–Se	24	6	6.6	1.2
Kawatabi-C	–Se	8	1.4	0.7	0.3
^†Selenium was added to the three pots in the +Se application treatment. Values are the arithmetic mean of the data from three replicate pots. SD, standard deviation.

Food , Agriculture Organization–United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization . 1990 . Soil Map of the World Revised Legend , World Soil Resources Report 60 Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization .

 Google Scholar

Cultivated Soil Classification Committee . 1995 . New Classification of Cultivated Soils in Japan , National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences Annual Report 17 69 – 76 . Tsukuba : National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences .

 Google Scholar

Nakamaru , Y , Tagami , K and Uchida , S . 2005a . Distribution coefficient of selenium in Japanese agricultural soils . Chemosphere , 58 : 1347 – 1354 .

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nakamaru , Y , Tagami , K and Uchida , S . 2006b . Antimony mobility in Japanese agricultural soils and the factors affecting antimony sorption behavior . Environ. Pollut , 141 : 321 – 326 .

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Blakemore , LC , Searle , PL and Daly , BK . 1981 . Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soils , New Zealand Soil Bureau Scientific Report 10A Lower Hutt City : Department of Scientific and Industrial Research .

 Google Scholar

Nanzyo , M , Nakamaru , Y , Ito , T and Yamasaki , S . 1998 . Relationship between forms of active aluminum and iron, and phosphate retention capacity free from precipitation of Ca and Mg phosphates . Jpn. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr , 69 : 144 – 149 .

 Google Scholar