Effect of different organic amendments on the resistance and resilience of the organic matter decomposing ability of soil and the role of aggregated soil structure

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the soils used

Site (soil name, texture)	Type of fertilization	Year of management	Application rate of OM (t ha^−1 year^−1)	MWHC (g g^−1)	pH (H2O)	Total C (g kg^−1)	Total N (g kg^−1)	Mean weight diameter (mm)
Hiratsuka (Volcanic ash soil, Andisol, SiL)	Chemical fertilizers (CF)	10	0	1.01	6.0	22.1	1.7	0.98 ± 0.08
	Cow manure compost (CowM3)	10	3	0.99	6.3	24.2	2.1	1.07 ± 0.01
	Okara/coffee compost (O/C3)	10	3	1.03	5.7	28.2	2.5	0.97 ± 0.04
Ayabe (Brown lowland soil, Entisol, L)	CF	12	0	0.48	5.0	6.0	0.9	0.20 ± 0.04 (0.21)^†
	0.5-fold CowM (CowM19)	12	19	0.51	7.1	10.0	1.3	0.35 ± 0.08* (0.41)^†
	CowM (CowM38)	12	38	0.54	7.2	13.2	1.5	0.50 ± 0.03* (1.17)^†
	Threefold cow manure compost (CowMl13)	12	113	0.69	7.1	28.3	2.9	ND (1.18)^†
	Pig manure compost (PigM19)	12	19	0.65	6.6	13.1	1.5	ND (1.18)^†
	Threefold PigM (PigM57)	12	57	0.57	6.5	28.4	3.0	ND (0.64)^†
Nagoya (Yellow soil, Ultisol, LiC)	CF	17	0	0.38	4.3	8.9	1.1	0.43 ± 0.03
	CF and cow manure compost (CowM40)	17	40	0.48	5.5	20.5	2.2	0.74 ± 0.07*
	CF and coffee compost (Coffee40)	7	40	0.39	4.3	14.8	1.6	0.72 ± 0.01*
	Cow manure (CowM400)	17	400	1.37	6.8	ND	ND	2.53 ± 0.05*
^†Data are derived from Urashima et al. (1999).
*Mean weight diameter values are significantly (P < 0.05) different from the corresponding CF-soil. CF, chemical fertilizers; MWHC, maximum water-holding capacity; OM, organic matter; ND, not determined. Okara is the residue in tofu production. Some of the data are derived from Sato and Toyota (2004).

Figure 1  Effect of soil disinfection on the cellulose-decomposing ability of Hiratsuka soils to which two types of compost had been added. Error bars indicate standard deviation. **P < 0.01 (significantly different from the control). CF-soil, chemical fertilizers only; O/C3-soil, 3 t year−1 of okara/coffee extraction reside; CowM3-soil, 3 t year−1 of cow manure.

Figure 2  Effect of soil disinfection on the cellulose-decomposing ability of Ayabe soils to which two types of compost had been added. Error bars indicate standard deviation. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 (significantly different from the control). CF, chemical fertilizers only; CowM19, 19 t year−1 of cow manure; CowM38, 38 t year−1 of cow manure; CowM113, 113 t year−1 of cow manure; PigM19, 19 t year−1 of pig slurry; PigM57, 57 t year−1 of pig slurry.

Figure 3  Total disturbance of cellulose-decomposing activity in the different soils. Error bars indicate standard deviation and values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). Total disturbance was calculated as a sum of the difference (%) in cellulose-decomposing activity between the control and the disinfected soils based on the following equation. (a) Hiratsuka: sum of 0, 1, 3 and 7 weeks after disinfection. (b) Ayabe: sum of 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after disinfection. (c) Nagoya: sum of 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks after disinfection. CF-soil, chemical fertilizers only; O/C3-soil, 3 t year−1 of okara/coffee extraction reside; CowM3-soil, 3 t year−1 of cow manure; CowM19, 19 t year−1 of cow manure; CowM38, 38 t year−1 of cow manure; CowM113, 113 t year−1 of cow manure; PigM19, 19 t year−1 of pig slurry; PigM57, 57 t year−1 of pig slurry; CowM40-soil, CF + 40 t year−1 of cow manure; Coffee40-soil, CF + 40 t year−1 of coffee extraction residue; CowM400-soil, 400 t year−1 of cow manure.

Figure 4  Effect of soil disinfection on the cellulose-decomposing ability of Nagoya soils to which two types of compost had been added. Error bars indicate standard deviation. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 (significantly different from the control). CF-soil, chemical fertilizers only; CowM40-soil, CF + 40 t year−1 of cow manure; Coffee40-soil, CF + 40 t year−1 of coffee extraction residue; CowM400-soil, 400 t year−1 of cow manure.

Figure 5  Number of nematodes in the (a) Hiratsuka, (b) Ayabe and (c) Nagoya soils just after disinfection. Error bars indicate standard deviation. 0, no nematodes were extracted; C or Control, non-disinfected; T or Treated, disinfected. CF-soil, chemical fertilizers only; O/C3-soil, 3 t year−1 of okara/coffee extraction reside; CowM3-soil, 3 t year−1 of cow manure; CowM19, 19 t year−1 of cow manure; CowM38, 38 t year−1 of cow manure; CowM113, 113 t year−1 of cow manure; PigM19, 19 t year−1 of pig slurry; PigM57, 57 t year−1 of pig slurry; CowM40-soil, CF + 40 t year−1 of cow manure; Coffee40-soil, CF + 40 t year−1 of coffee extraction residue; CowM400-soil, 400 t year−1 of cow manure.

Figure 6  Organic matter decomposing ability of soils with or without grinding following soil disinfection. (a) Cellulose, (b) cellulose, (c) glucose and (d) chitin. Error bars indicate standard deviation and *P < 0.05 (significantly different from the control). (a) Ayabe CowM38-soil (38 t year−1 of cow manure). (b,c,d) Nagoya CowM40-soil (chemical fertilizer + 40 t year−1 of cow manure).

Urashima , Y , Shiomi , F , Suga , Y and Hori , K . 1999 . "Effect of mulch and residual effect on soil physical properties under the continuous compost applicating condition . Kinki Chugogu Agr. Exp. Stn. , 98 : 13 – 17 . (in Japanese)

 Google Scholar

Sato , K and Toyota , K . 2004 . "Comparison of disease suppressiveness of different soils with or without repeated application of organic matters to bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum . Microbes Environ. , 19 : 310 – 314 .

 Google Scholar