Cadmium accumulation in the shoots and roots of 93 weed species

Figures & data

Table 1 Cadmium concentrations in the shoots and roots, the shoot–root ratio of Cd and the shoot Cd content of 101 plant species grown in a sandy loam soil containing 3 mg Cd kg−1 dry weight for 2 months

Plant species	Cd concentration (mg kg^−1 DW)		Shoot–root ratio	Shoot Cd content (µg plant^−1)
	Shoot	Root
Oenothera biennis	1.8	171.9	0.01	3.7
Malvaceae
Abutilon theophrasti	14.9	35.8	0.42	13.4
Hibiscus cannabinus	22.1	18.3	1.21	21.4
Malva sylvestris	33.5	37.9	0.89	12.7
Sida rhombifolia	23.8	111.9	0.21	4.2
Sida spinosa	8.7	46.0	0.19	6.8
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia esula	12.5	46.3	0.27	1.0
Euphorbia helioscopia	23.2	57.3	0.41	1.0
Euphorbia peplus	21.6	75.2	0.29	1.7
Lineceae
Linum usitatissimum (cv. Blue earth)	17.5	50.4	0.35	4.3
Leguminosae
Cassia obtusifolia	7.3	122.2	0.06	3.7
Medicago sativa	9.2	19.0	0.49	0.9
Melilotus officinalis	8.8	38.2	0.23	0.5
Phseolus aureus	3.5	48.6	0.07	2.5
Sesbania cannabia	4.4	41.0	0.11	2.5
Sesbania exaltata	2.1	48.1	0.04	1.7
Trifolium arvense	8.0	56.8	0.14	0.4
Trifolium repense	2.7	23.9	0.11	0.2
Cruciferae
Brassica juncea	14.0	18.8	0.74	7.6
Camelina sativa	9.6	15.9	0.60	6.2
Diplotaxis tenuifolia	7.3	43.2	0.17	3.8
Eruca sativa	11.0	52.3	0.21	4.4
Sinapis alba	25.6	45.4	0.56	21.4
Sisymbrium altissimum	48.2	98.2	0.49	21.4
Sisymbrium orientale	48.2	70.3	0.69	7.2
Papaveraceae
Argemone mexicana	8.6	86.1	0.10	1.5
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria serpyllifolia	15.5	71.7	0.22	2.9
Silene armeria	8.7	57.4	0.15	2.5
Silene dioica	4.9	113.0	0.04	2.1
Silene noctiflora	21.4	88.4	0.24	21.1
Portulaceae
Portulaca oleracea var. sativa	10.9	61.3	0.18	5.7
Portulaca oleracea	4.4	55.6	0.08	3.9
Phytolaceaceae
Pytolacca americana	4.4	82.6	0.05	3.8
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus hybridus	23.7	73.9	0.32	20.7
Amaranthus rudis	17.3	68.1	0.25	15.1
Amaranthus spinosus	24.5	50.8	0.48	7.5
Amaranthus viridis	24.8	61.4	0.40	22.5
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex subcordata	12.3	30.3	0.41	5.3
Chenopodium album	5.4	40.7	0.13	4.7
Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum	13.4	46.3	0.29	12.2
Chenopodium ambroisioides	17.6	68.3	0.26	8.6
Polygonaceae
Polygonum thunbergii	56.2	91.5	0.61	49.7
Rumex conglomeratus	9.5	29.3	0.32	3.5
Rumex crispus subsp. japonicus	11.6	12.2	0.96	1.7
Rumex obtusifolius	23.6	20.9	1.13	3.9
Compositae
Achillea millefolium	17.1	22.3	0.77	7.7
Ambrosia trifida	22.7	28.3	0.80	15.6
Anthemis cotula	23.2	37.6	0.62	6.0
Bidens frondosa	31.0	9.4	3.30	40.5
Bidens pilosa	17.0	7.7	2.21	24.1
Compositae
Cichorium intybus	77.0	21.6	3.56	38.8
Galinsoga eiliata	17.2	28.5	0.60	5.6
Hypochoeris radicata	16.5	16.3	1.01	6.2
Lactuca indica	25.9	11.4	2.20	11.6
Matricaria chamomilla	64.4	50.4	1.28	8.4
Matricaria inodora	19.3	28.1	0.69	4.6
Onopordum acanthium	30.0	37.7	0.80	10.0
Picris echinoides	41.0	43.8	0.94	5.1
Sonchus asper	37.0	20.7	1.79	14.0
Sonchus oleraceus	25.4	14.2	1.78	12.1
Plantagineaceae
Plantago lanceolata	5.5	62.2	0.09	1.5
Plantago major	3.2	46.0	0.07	2.6
Plantago virginica	1.4	73.1	0.02	0.9
Solanaceae
Nicandra physaloides	11.3	50.7	0.22	9.7
Solanum luteum	28.6	20.7	1.38	16.9
Solanum nigrum	6.6	52.4	0.13	3.5
Solanum sodomeum	14.8	36.7	0.40	7.3
Labiatae
Salvia plebeia	9.7	116.6	0.08	5.4
Boraginaceae
Amsinckia barbata	13.4	43.4	0.31	2.6
Convolvulaceae
Calystegia sepium var. americana	5.7	122.6	0.05	2.9
Ipomoea coccinea	6.8	101.8	0.07	7.6
Ipomoea lacunosa	5.3	47.0	0.11	3.4
Gramineae
Arthraxon hispidus	12.5	13.2	0.95	10.1
Avena fatua	4.7	21.5	0.22	2.5
Avena sativa	14.8	26.2	0.56	8.5
Coix lacryma-jobi	2.2	71.3	0.03	3.2
Dactylis glomerata	1.2	35.7	0.03	0.3
Gramineae
Digitaria ciliaris	1.9	22.8	0.08	2.7
Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola	2.1	47.9	0.04	2.5
Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli	9.0	63.6	0.14	13.2
Eragrostis curvula	8.4	26.0	0.32	3.3
Festuca arundinacea	5.3	115.4	0.05	1.3
Lolium multiflorum	7.2	39.8	0.18	3.7
Lolium perenne	4.4	105.8	0.04	1.1
Oryza sativa (cv. Koshihikari)	13.1	102.2	0.13	18.8
Oryza sativa (cv. Milyang 23)	11.8	81.8	0.14	13.2
Oryza sativa (cv. Milyang 25)	15.6	117.5	0.13	16.0
Oryza sativa (cv. Milyang 42)	0.8	44.0	0.02	0.7
Panicum bisulcatum	1.5	58.1	0.03	0.8
Panicum dichotomiflorum	1.0	29.0	0.03	0.9
Panicum virgatum	2.2	22.6	0.10	0.8
Paspalum dilatatum	2.2	20.1	0.11	1.4
Pennisetum alopecuroides	5.5	61.9	0.09	0.8
Poa pratensis	2.7	84.2	0.03	1.0
Setaria faberi	3.0	25.7	0.12	3.5
Setaria glauca	4.0	27.2	0.15	3.6
Setaria viridis	12.3	29.3	0.31	2.8
Sorghu bicolor (cv. Hybrid sorghum)	2.2	22.0	0.10	3.7
Cyperaceae
Cyperus brevifolius var. leiolepis	48.3	35.6	1.35	50.0
Cyperus globosus	39.6	43.3	0.91	30.3
Cyperus sanguinolentus	25.6	55.2	0.46	19.8
Mean value	15.4	51.6	0.47	8.40
DW, dry weight.

Table 2 Plant species that had relatively high (≥ 30.0 mg kg−1) and low (≤ 3.0 mg kg−1) Cd concentrations in their shoots

Scientific name	Family name	Cd concentration (mg kg^−1 DW)
Plant species with relatively high Cd concentrations
Cichorium intybus	Compositae	77.0
Matricaria chamomilla	Compositae	64.4
Polygonum thunbergii	Polygonaceae	56.2
Cyperus brevifolius var. leiolepis	Cyperaceae	48.3
Sisymbrium orientale	Cruciferae	48.2
Sisymbrium altissimum	Cruciferae	48.2
Picris echinoides	Compositae	41.0
Cyperus globosus	Cyperaceae	39.6
Sonchus asper	Compositae	37.0
Malva sylvestris	Malvaceae	33.5
Bidens frondosa	Compositae	31.0
Onopordum acanthium	Compositae	30.0
Plant species with relatively low Cd concentrations
Oryza sativa (cv. Milyang 42)	Gramineae	0.8
Panicum dichotomiflorum	Gramineae	1.0
Dactylis glomerata	Gramineae	1.2
Plantago virginica	Plantagineaceae	1.4
Panicum bisulcatum	Gramineae	1.5
Oenothera biennis	Onagraceae	1.8
Digitaria ciliaris	Gramineae	1.9
Sesbannia exaltata	Leguminosae	2.1
Echinochloa crus-galli var. prachicola	Gramineae	2.1
Coix lacryma-jobi	Gramineae	2.2
Sorgum bicolor (cv. Hybrid sorghum)	Gramineae	2.2
Panicum virgatum	Gramineae	2.2
Panicum dilatatum	Gramineae	2.2
Trifolium repens	Leguminosae	2.7
Poa pratensis	Gramineae	2.7
Setaria faberi	Gramineae	3.0
DW, dry weight.

Table 3 Plant species that had relatively high (≥ 100.0 mg kg−1) and low (≤ 20.0 mg kg−1) Cd concentrations in their roots

Scientific name	Family name	Cd concentration (mg kg^−1 DW)
Plant species with relatively high Cd concentrations
Oenothera biennis	Onagraceae	171.9
Calystegia sepium var. americana	Convolvulaceae	122.6
Cassia obtusifolia	Leguminosae	122.2
Oryza sativa (cv. Milyang 25)	Gramieae	117.5
Salvia plebeia	Lbiatae	116.6
Festuca arundinacea	Gramineae	115.4
Silene dioica	Caryophyllaceae	113.0
Sida rhombifolia	Malvaceae	111.9
Lolium perenne	Gramineae	105.8
Oryza sativa (cv. Koshihikari)	Gramineae	102.2
Ipomoea cocconea	Convolvulaceae	101.8
Plant species with relatively low Cd concentrations
Bidens pilosa	Compositae	7.7
Bidens frondosa	Compositae	9.4
Lactuca indica	Compositae	11.4
Rumex crispus subsp. japonicus	Polygonaceae	12.2
Arthraxon hispidus	Gramineae	13.2
Sonchus oleraceus	Compositae	14.2
Camelina sativa	Cruciferae	15.9
Hypochoeris rsdicata	Compositae	16.3
Hibiscus cannabinus	Malvaceae	18.3
Brassica juncea	Cruciferae	18.8
Medicago sativa	Leguminosae	19.0
DW, dry weight.

Table 4 Plant species that had relatively high (≥ 2.0) and low (≤ 0.05) shoot–root ratios

Scientific name	Family name	Shoot–root ratio
Plant species with relatively high shoot–root ratio
Cichorium intybus	Compositae	3.56
Bidens frondosa	Compositae	3.30
Lactuca indica	Compositae	2.27
Bidens pilosa	Compositae	2.21
Plant species with relatively low shoot–root ratio
Oenothera biennis	Onagraceae	0.01
Plantago virginica	Plantaginaceae	0.02
Oryza sativa (cv. Milyang 42)	Gramineae	0.02
Dactylis glomerata	Gramineae	0.03
Coix lacryma-jobi	Gramineae	0.03
Panicum bisulcatatum	Gramineae	0.03
Panicum dichotomiflorum	Gramineae	0.03
Poa pratensis	Gramineae	0.03
Lolium perenne	Gramineae	0.04
Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola	Gramineae	0.04
Silene dioica	Caryophyllaceae	0.04
Sesbania exaltata	Leguminosae	0.04
Calystegia sepium var. americana	Convolvulaceae	0.05
Festuca arundinacea	Gramineae	0.05
Phyrolacca americana	Phytolaccaceae	0.05

Table 5 Plant species that had relatively high (≥ 20 µg) and low (≤ 1.0 µg) shoot Cd contents

Scientific name	Family name	Shoot Cd content (µg plant^−1)
Plant species with relatively high Cd content
Cyperus brevifolius var. leiolepis	Cyperaceae	50.0
Polygonum thunbergii	Polygonaceae	49.7
Bidens frondosa	Compositae	40.5
Cichorium intybus	Compositae	38.8
Cyperus globosus	Cyperaceae	30.3
Bidens pilosa	Compositae	24.1
Amaranthus viridis	Amaranthaceae	22.5
Hibiscus cannabinus	Malvaceae	21.4
Sinapis alba	Cruciferae	21.4
Sisymbrium altissimum	Cruciferae	21.4
Silene notiflora	Caryophyllaceae	21.1
Amaranthas hybridus	Amaranthaceae	20.7
Plant species with relatively low Cd content
Trifolium repens	Leguminosae	0.2
Dactylis glomerata	Gramineae	0.3
Trifolium arvense	Leguminosae	0.4
Melilotus officinalis	Leguminosae	0.5
Oryza sativa (cv. Milyang 42)	Gramineae	0.7
Panicum virgatum	Gramineae	0.8
Pennisetum alopecuroides	Gramineae	0.8
Panicum bisulcatum	Gramineae	0.8
Medicago sativa	Leguminosae	0.9
Plantago virginica	Planatagineaceae	0.9
Euphorbia esula	Euphorbiaceae	1.0
Euphorbia helioscopia	Euphorbiaceae	1.0
Poa pratensis	Gramineae	1.0