Parafibromin, a Component of the Human PAF Complex, Regulates Growth Factors and Is Required for Embryonic Development and Survival in Adult Mice

Abstract

Parafibromin, a transcription factor associated with the PAF complex, is encoded by the HRPT2 gene, mutations of which cause the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (OMIM145001). To elucidate the function of parafibromin, we generated conventional and conditional Hrpt2 knockout mice and found that Hrpt2^−/− mice were embryonic lethal by embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5). Controlled deletion of Hrpt2 after E8.5 resulted in apoptosis and growth retardation. Deletion of Hrpt2 in adult mice led to severe cachexia and death within 20 days. To explore the mechanism underlying the embryonic lethality and death of adult mice, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were cultured and Hrpt2 was deleted in vitro. Hrpt2^−/− MEFs underwent apoptosis, while Hrpt2^+/+ and Hrpt2^+/− MEFs grew normally. To study the mechanism of this apoptosis, Hrpt2^+/+ and Hrpt2^−/− MEFs were used in cDNA microarray, semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to identify genes regulated by parafibromin. These revealed that Hrpt2 expression and the parafibromin/PAF complex directly regulate genes involved in cell growth and survival, including H19, Igf1, Igf2, Igfbp4, Hmga1, Hmga2, and Hmgcs2. Thus, our results show that expression of Hrpt2 and parafibromin is pivotal in mammalian development and survival in adults and that these functions are likely mediated by the transcriptional regulation of growth factors.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://mcb.asm.org/ .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Eric Kort for editing figures and tables; Ralph Common for confocal microscopy; Pam Swiatek, Bryn Eagleson, and Jamie Bondsfield for mouse husbandry; Pete Haak for cDNA microarray analysis; David Nadziejka for manuscript proofreading; and Sabrina Noyes for preparing and submitting the manuscript.

This work was supported by the Van Andel Research Institute and the Medical Research Council, United Kingdom (M.R.B., A.A., and R.V.T.).