Identification of a Family of Sorting Nexin Molecules and Characterization of Their Association with Receptors

ABSTRACT

Sorting nexin 1 (SNX1) is a protein that binds to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and is proposed to play a role in directing EGF receptors to lysosomes for degradation (R. C. Kurten, D. L. Cadena, and G. N. Gill, Science 272:1008–1010, 1996). We have obtained full-length cDNAs and deduced the amino acid sequences of three novel homologous proteins, which were denoted human sorting nexins (SNX2, SNX3, and SNX4). In addition, we identified a presumed splice variant isoform of SNX1 (SNX1A). These molecules contain a conserved domain of ∼100 amino acids, which was termed the phox homology (PX) domain. Human SNX1 (522 amino acids), SNX1A (457 amino acids), SNX2 (519 amino acids), SNX3 (162 amino acids), and SNX4 (450 amino acids) are part of a larger family of hydrophilic molecules including proteins identified in Caenorhabditis elegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite their hydrophilic nature, the sorting nexins are found partially associated with cellular membranes. They are widely expressed, although the tissue distribution of each sorting nexin mRNA varies. When expressed in COS7 cells, epitope-tagged sorting nexins SNX1, SNX1A, SNX2, and SNX4 coimmunoprecipitated with receptor tyrosine kinases for EGF, platelet-derived growth factor, and insulin. These sorting nexins also associated with the long isoform of the leptin receptor but not with the short and medium isoforms. Interestingly, endogenous COS7 transferrin receptors associated exclusively with SNX1 and SNX1A, while SNX3 was not found to associate with any of the receptors studied. Our demonstration of a large conserved family of sorting nexins that interact with a variety of receptor types suggests that these proteins may be involved in several stages of intracellular trafficking in mammalian cells.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Axel Ullrich for the generous gift of the insulin receptor cDNA. In addition, we thank Marc Reitman for helpful discussions and for critical reading of the manuscript. Finally, we thank Rachel Kulansky, Neinke Grossman, and Jill Sherman for contributions to this project.

ADDENDUM IN PROOF

While this paper was under review, Seaman et al. reported that Vps5p, the yeast ortholog of SNX1 and SNX2, is part of a multiprotein membrane-associated complex. This may serve as a novel coat involved in vesicle transport from endosomes back to the late-Golgi membrane (M. N. J. Seaman, J. M. McCaffery, and S. D. Emi, J. Cell Biol.142:665–681, 1998).