Regulation of the MEF2 Family of Transcription Factors by p38

Abstract

Members of the MEF2 family of transcription factors bind as homo- and heterodimers to the MEF2 site found in the promoter regions of numerous muscle-specific, growth- or stress-induced genes. We showed previously that the transactivation activity of MEF2C is stimulated by p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. In this study, we examined the potential role of the p38 MAP kinase pathway in regulating the other MEF2 family members. We found that MEF2A, but not MEF2B or MEF2D, is a substrate for p38. Among the four p38 group members, p38 is the most potent kinase for MEF2A. Threonines 312 and 319 within the transcription activation domain of MEF2A are the regulatory sites phosphorylated by p38. Phosphorylation of MEF2A in a MEF2A-MEF2D heterodimer enhances MEF2-dependent gene expression. These results demonstrate that the MAP kinase signaling pathway can discriminate between different MEF2 isoforms and can regulate MEF2-dependent genes through posttranslational activation of preexisting MEF2 protein.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank R. Prywes for the MEF2D antibody and B. Chastain for secretarial assistance.

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (to J.H., R.J.U., and E.N.O.), American Heart Association (to J.H.), Muscular Dystrophy Association (to E.N.O.), Robert A. Welch Foundation (to E.N.O.), and Human Frontier Science Foundation (to E.N.O.). J.H. is an Established Investigator of the American Heart Association.