Akt Regulates Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor–Coactivator Complex Formation and Activity during Neuronal Differentiation

Abstract

Neural basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors regulate neurogenesis in vertebrates. Signaling by peptide growth factors also plays critical roles in regulating neuronal differentiation and survival. Many peptide growth factors activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and subsequently the Akt kinases, raising the possibility that Akt may impact bHLH protein function during neurogenesis. Here we demonstrate that reducing expression of endogenous Akt1 and Akt2 by RNA interference (RNAi) reduces neuron generation in P19 cells transfected with a neural bHLH expression vector. The reduction in neuron generation from decreased Akt expression is not solely due to decreased cell survival, since addition of the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK rescues cell death associated with loss of Akt function but does not restore neuron formation. This result indicates that Akt1 and Akt2 have additional functions during neuronal differentiation that are separable from neuronal survival. We show that activated Akt1 enhances complex formation between bHLH proteins and the transcriptional coactivator p300. Activated Akt1 also significantly augments the transcriptional activity of the bHLH protein neurogenin 3 in complex with the coactivators p300 or CBP. In addition, inhibition of endogenous Akt activity by the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 abolishes transcriptional cooperativity between the bHLH proteins and p300. We propose that Akt regulates the assembly and activity of bHLH-coactivator complexes to promote neuronal differentiation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dan Goldman and Robert Davis for discussions. We gratefully acknowledge David Wilson, Holly Sucic, and Chris Hart for assistance in constructing vectors, Robert Thompson and Paresh Patel for discussions on real time RT-PCR, and Robert Davis, Ming-Jer Tsai, and Kun-Liang Guan for kindly providing plasmids.

This work was supported by a Research Scholar Grant (RSG-01-177-01-MGO) from the American Cancer Society (A.B.V.), a grant from the Walther Cancer Institute (A.B.V.), NIH grant NS38698 (D.L.T.), and a grant from the University of Michigan Biomedical Research Council (D.L.T.).