![Sample our Humanities journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5939/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Humanities.jpg"})
| ABBREVIATIONS | ||
| FLO | = | Finds Liaison Officer |
| IfA | = | Institute for Archaeologists |
| PAS | = | Portable Antiquities Scheme |
| TAR | = | Treasure Annual Report |
This report is indebted to the work and expertise of the finders, identifiers and recorders, and other experts (acknowledged within each entry as appropriate) and dedicated to Geoff Egan. I am particularly grateful to Helen Geake and John Naylor who commented on a draft text. I would also like to thank to Janina Parol, who helped with image manipulation.
Notes
This report is published with financial assistance from the Portable Antiquities Scheme
1 I am very grateful to Laura Martinez (aka Baronne Belphoebe de Givet) who commented on, and improved, the text of the report on the Daventry area visard mask.
2 Martinez, pers. comm. See also Martinez 2007. Emmanuel van Meteren, a merchant of Antwerp, observed in 1575 that ‘ladies of distinction have lately learned to cover their faces with silken masks or vizards and feathers’ (Arnold 1988, 12). In 1583 Philip Stubbes denounced the use of masks, writing that ‘when they use to ride abrod, they have inuisories, or visors made of velvet, wherwith they cover all their faces, having holes made in them against their eyes, whereout they look. So that if a man, that knew not their guise before, should chaunce to meet one of them, hee would think hee met a monster or a devil; for face hee can see none, but two brode holes against her eyes with glasses in them. Thus they prophane the name of God, live in al kinde of voluptuousness and pleasure, wursse then ever did the hethen’ (Furnivall 1877–79, 80). See also <http://houseffg.org/belphoebe/Research/Masks/Index.html#_ftn5> [accessed 21 January 2012].
3 Victoria & Albert Museum Ref. T.846T-1974, dated to c. 1690–c. 1700, made of cardboard covered with black ribbed silk and lined with vellum; the mask also has a glass bead on thread, mimicking life-size masks of this type: <http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O82639/dolls-mask-lady-claphams-mask/> [accessed 21 January 2012].
4 Norwich Castle Museum Ref. NWHCM: 1992·205: C, dated to the 18th century, made of cardboard covered with black velvet, stitched with pale blue cotton. A white bead is attached at the mouth opening: <http://www.culturalmodes.norfolk.gov.uk/projects/nmaspub5.asp?page=item&itemId=NWHCM%20:%201992·205%20:%20C> [accessed 21 January 2012].
5 Similar items recorded with the PAS include: LIN-49FC12, a bottle containing a leather strap, pins and (possible) dress hooks; DEV-867707, a collection of objects, including shoe fragments, shells and pebbles, pieces of clay pipe, bone, oyster shell, slag, coal, pottery and glass fragment; LIN-121483, a child’s ankle boot containing a miniature Bible.
6 Sörbom 1992 suggested that a copper-alloy nose might have been more comfortable to wear, although it is unclear why this might be so.
7 A silver example dates to the 17th century (Science Museum: A641037); another, made of ivory, is 18th-century (Science Museum: A641030). An example in the Hunterian Museum (RCSIC/R 6) is silver, painted flesh colour and attached to glasses. Similar is the metal nose, painted a flesh colour, attached to glasses worn by Charles Williams (c. 1875–c. 1925) of Tonbridge, Kent, who damaged his nose in an accident (Science Museum: 1986-251).
8 Paré 1585, 13.
9 xx=double saltire stops, where the x’s are aligned vertically.
10 North 1994, no. 1788; Spink 2011, no. 2273.
11 Stewartby 2009, 453–4; Kelleher 2007.
12 For example, NCL-833393 is another example issued during Henry VIII’s marriage to Katherine of Aragon, but has H and K on both sides (North 1994, no. 1788; Spink 2011, no. 2274).
13 Ward-Perkins 1940, 167, figs 52, 169. Amongst the PAS recorded purse-bars, one from near Durham (DUR-A81FF1) is most similar, although its bar terminals differ. See also examples from Stody, Norfolk (NMS-1C0503) and Kedington, Suffolk (SUR-A8AED3).
14 Other Elizabethan coin forgeries (some of them only possibilities) recorded by the PAS include a half groat (LANCUM-7F5431), several sixpences (BH-FAD0A7, ESS-24A131, SOM-689BF7 and SWYOR-C0CC56) and a threepence piece (WILT-6CCFE6).
15 Egan 1985, 4. See also Egan 1987.
16 Clive Cheesman, pers. comm. Egan 1994, 92.
17 Madder bags are seemingly depicted on eleven other cloth seals recorded by the PAS (see DENO-02CFA5, NLM-85FCC6 and SF-586A31, for example).
18 Mitchiner 1988, 435, no. 1495.
19 SOM-EFB851. See also BUC-9A34C0, LIN-488423 and LIN-612C61.
20 Barrie Cook, pers. comm.
21 The design that is visible, showing a central six-petalled rose and a rose initial mark, is characteristic of jettons dating to after 1550. Combined with the fictional, nonsensical legend apparent on one of this type of jetton it is possible that they are the work of Hans Schultes II (1586–1603) (Mitchiner 1998, no. 1392).
22 Mitchiner 1988, nos. 1509 (x1), 1539 (x3) and 1571ff (x3).
23 For an earlier jetton hoard see WILT-E5B125, found at Cheverell Parva, Wiltshire, which consists of seven English and 24 French/Tournai copper-alloy jettons of the late 14th century.
24 See CORN-87AA74, NMS-8A2FA2, SF6487 and SWYOR-576585, which are of the same form and decoration; the cruder copy is WMID-56C362. See also Bailey 2004, 33, fig. 8·9, which has lost its enamelling. There are also similarities with Read 2010, 55, no. 195.
25 Brian Read (2010, 128, after Egan, pers. comm.) states that foreshore finds from London suggest that ‘cuff-links first became fashionable around the beginning of the last quarter of the 17th century’, which would not preclude an association with Charles II, as he claims. Gordon Bailey (2004, 82) dates such cufflinks to the 18th century, but provides no contextual evidence.
26 The first was from Rochester, Kent (TAR 2001, 81, no. 153). The only known parallel then was a find from Virginia, USA (Noël Hume 1969, fig. 22).
27 From Cholsey, Surrey (SUR-E2A5D2), which has the maker’s mark HR on the link.
28 BH-1FFDA3, DENO-7E27C8, ESS-00E2A5, ESS-BB8C41, ESS-F1F516, IOW-775E17, KENT-292EC2, NMS-F72E82, NMS-3CB123 and SUR-E2A5D2. See also BH-922DC3, which shows the same design within a decorative border.
29 ESS-0934B2, ESS-8FC627, ESS-9E7C74, ESS-BD57D3 and ESS-F204C1.
30 Single heart: SWYOR-C48377. Two hearts: ESS-F216B7 and YORYM-F14744.
31 BUC-84BF11.
32 Several of the miniature guns recorded by Forsyth and Egan (2005: 79ff; see 81: 1·3) have exploded. Forsyth and Egan suggested several reasons for this, perhaps muzzles became blocked — ‘with mud, grease, water or shot’ — or the wrong powder was used. Consequently such ‘toys’ might cause injury or even prove fatal if used incorrectly.
33 Forsyth & Egan 2005, 79–85.
34 Forsyth & Egan 2005, 81.
35 Forsyth & Egan 2005, 82–3, 1·7.
36 Forsyth & Egan 2005, 85, 1·17.
37 Nicol 1998, 602, no. 153.
38 Kent 2000, 367.
39 Examples include CORN-26C873, CORN-26A154 and DEV-17EC36.
40 A third issue halfpenny weighted 9·2–9·8 g, compared with 12–13·1 g for fourth issue, so this object is nearer the weight of the former.