Paraoxonase responses to exercise and niacin therapy in men with metabolic syndrome

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline physiological characteristics (means ± SEM)

Variable	Units	Mean ± SEM	Minimum	Maximum
Age	years	44±2	37	51
Height	cm	175.6±2.8	165.5	185.7
Body weight	kg	106.9±5.1	88.4	125.4
BMI	kg/m^2	34.5±0.9	31.1	37.9
Waist circumference	cm	108.8±8.2	100.6	117.0
% Fat	% of body weight	35±1	30	40
VO2max	ml/minute/kg	27.5±1.6	21.9	33.1
Glucose	mmol/l	5.99±0.28	3.83	8.16
NEFA	mmol/l	0.49±0.03	0.39	0.59
HDLc	mmol/l	1.06±0.05	0.70	1.35
Triglyceride	mmol/l	3.31±0.32	2.01	5.13

BMI, body mass index; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; VO_2max, maximal oxygen consumption; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Table modified from Plaisance et al.²⁵

Table 2. Response to exercise (means ± SEM)

Variable	Units	Baseline	24 hours post-exercise	P value
PON1a	kU/l	125.9±4.9	131.5±4.0	0.269
PON1c	µg/ml	112.4±8.2	118.9±8.5	0.391
Apo A1	mmol/l	28.0±9.1	28.1±7.4	0.983
Total HDL particles	µmol/l	31.5±1.3	32.1±1.7	0.469
Large HDL particles	µmol/l	3.5±0.5	3.1±0.5	0.068
Medium HDL particles	µmol/l	5.1±1.5	4.2±1.3	0.496
Small HDL particles	µmol/l	22.9±1.4	24.9±1.5	0.214
HDL particle size	nm	8.6±0.1	8.5±0.1	0.040*
HDLc	mmol/l	1.06±0.05	1.04±0.05	0.403
TG	mmol/l	3.31±0.32	2.61±0.32	0.006*
TG: HDLc ratio		3.12±0.12	2.51±0.08	<0.001*
Large VLDL particles	nmol/l	5.7±1.0	5.5±1.0	0.321
Medium VLDL particles	nmol/l	31.5±5.3	28.2±3.9	0.222
Small VLDL particles	nmol/l	48.6±3.8	56.0±4.9	0.016*
VLDL particle size	nm	58.4±2.4	56.4±2.1	0.102
Total LDL particles	nmol/l	1788.3±105.1	1829.2±111.3	0.272
Intermediate LDL particles	nmol/l	43.6±13.1	49.8±9.7	0.581
Large LDL particles	nmol/l	264.7±47.5	273.0±47.0	0.722
Small LDL particles	nmol/l	1480.0±111.2	1506.3±107.5	0.534
Medium small LDL particles	nmol/l	312.4±25.0	307.7±24.2	0.755
Very small LDL particles	nmol/l	1167.6±86.9	1198.4±85.3	0.355
LDL particle size	nm	20.1±0.1	20.1±0.1	0.385
oLDL	mmol/l	8.2±0.5	6.9±2.6	0.490

Baseline, before exercise (control); 24 hours post-exercise; PON1a, paraoxonase 1 activity; PON1c, paraoxonase 1 concentration; Apo A1, apolipoprotein A1; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyericide concentration. VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein, oLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein.

Significance compared to baseline (control): *P < 0.05.

Table 3. Effects of niacin alone and niacin + exercise (means ± SEM)

Variable	Units	Baseline	6 weeks of niacin	6 weeks of niacin + 1 exercise session
PON1a	kU/l	125.9±4.9	115.9±6.2	122.9±5.5^‡
PON1c	µg/ml	112.4±8.2	105.9±8.5	121.9±9.3^‡
Apo A1	mmol/l	28.0±9.1	24.1±5.9	21.5±15.8
Total HDL particles	µmol/l	31.5±1.3	32.0±1.1	33.2±1.3
Large HDL particles	µmol/l	3.5±0.5	3.8±0.8	3.8±0.6
Medium HDL particles	µmol/l	5.1±1.5	2.9±0.9	3.9±0.7
Small HDL particles	µmol/l	22.9±1.4	25.3±1.1	25.5±1.4
HDL particle size	nm	8.6±0.1	8.6±0.1	8.6±0.1
HDLc	mmol/l	1.06±0.05	1.06±0.05	1.11±0.05
TG	mmol/l	3.31±0.32	2.21±0.21^†	1.80±0.14^‡
TG: HDLc ratio		3.12±0.12	2.08±0.05^†	1.62±0.04^‡
Large VLDL particles	nmol/l	5.7±1.0	5.4±0.8	4.2±1.0^‡
Medium VLDL particles	nmol/l	31.5±5.3	25.4±3.7	25.9±4.0
Small VLDL particles	nmol/l	48.6±3.8	44.6±5.8	49.4±4.8
VLDL particle size	nm	58.4±2.4	59.9±3.0	55.5±2.9^‡
Total LDL particles	nmol/l	1788.3±105.1	1626.1±131.6	1678.0±121.1
Intermediate LDL particles	nmol/l	43.6±13.1	32.1±13.7	38.9±12.8
Large LDL particles	nmol/l	264.7±47.5	349.4±65.7	352.1±51.8
Small LDL particles	nmol/l	1480.0±111.2	1244.6±128.8	1287.4±110.1
Medium small LDL particles	nmol/l	312.4±25.0	244.6±26.3^†	266.4±24.7
Very small LDL particles	nmol/l	1167.6±86.9	1000.0±103.5	1021.1±86.3
LDL particle size	nm	20.1±0.1	20.3±0.2	20.4±0.1
oLDL	mmol/l	8.2±0.5	5.9±2.0	8.11±2.51

Baseline, before exercise (control); Niacin baseline, 6 weeks of niacin before exercise; PON1a, paraoxonase 1 activity; PON1c, paraoxonase 1 concentration; Apo A1, apolipoprotein A1; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyericide concentration; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; oLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein concentration.

Significance compared to baseline, ^†P < 0.05; significance compared to niacin baseline, ^‡P < 0.05.

Figure 1. PON1 concentration and activity response to exercise and niacin therapy, means ± SD. (A) PON1 concentration is presented in micrograms per milliliter of sample; Baseline (control), before exercise; Exercise, 24 hours post-exercise; Niacin Baseline, 6 weeks of niacin therapy; Niacin + Exercise, 24 hours post-exercise plus niacin. (B) PON1 activity is presented in kU/l, kilo international units per liter of sample; significance between niacin baseline and niacin + exercise, *P < 0.05.

Plaisance EP, Mestek ML, Mahurin AJ, Taylor JK, Moncada-Jimenez J, Grandjean PW. Postprandial triglyceride responses to aerobic exercise and extended-release niacin. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(1):30–7.

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