Allemansrätten in Sweden: A Resistant Custom

Abstract

By studying parliamentary proposals, debates, and reports as well as governmental inquiries and proposals from the first half of the twentieth century, the authors analyse the status of the allemansrätt – ‘every man’s right’ to public access - in Sweden. The founding principles of this use-right have been generally accepted since the late nineteenth century, but for almost as long there has been a feeling that it has been used (and abused) for commercial as well as personal interest, first by ‘for-profit’ berry harvesters and later on by tourist companies. These uses have been questioned by a minority of conservative and (to a less extent) liberal landowners, who have tried to limit the right of public access to private land by addressing the issue in the parliament. At the same time, a political majority of socialists, liberals, and conservatives has defended the right from being either limited or regulated by law. This resistance is explained by the economic characteristics of the resources at stake, and by the difficulties associated with transferring a customary right into law, i.e. an informal institution to a formal institution.

Keywords:

• soft governance
• berry harvesting
• outdoor
• recreation
• ideological conflicts
• landscapes

Acknowledgement

Many thanks to Catherine Mills and Paul Adderley, University of Stirling, for organising and welcoming us to the conference on ‘Landscapes of Conflict’ in June 2013. A special thanks to Karen Salt for facilitating Anna’s presentation. Thanks also to Paul, Catherine, Graham Fairclough and three anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on our manuscript in its earlier stages. This research was funded through ‘Future Forests’, a multi-disciplinary research programme supported by the Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (MISTRA), the Swedish Forestry Industry, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå University, and the Forestry Research Institute of Sweden (Skogforsk).