Review of Bi2O3 based glasses for electronics and related applications
T Maeder*
Laboratoire de Production Microtechnique (LPM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BM 1·136, Station 17, CH-1015Lausanne, SwitzerlandCorrespondence[email protected]
Figure 1. Example TF circuit, piezoresistive pressure sensorCitation27, showing typical involved materials: reddish tint added to sealing glass to enhance visibility; ‘conductive glass’ seal = low firing TFR composition
Table 1. Representative compositions (cation-%) of low melting lead based glasses [Temperatures = melting points (eutectics) or processing temperatures (others)]
Table 5. Qualitative composition (+++ = high, ++ = medium, + = low, ? = very low or absent) of commercial TF inks (Tf = firing temperature): dielectricsCitation167 (compared with LTCC),Citation168–Citation170 conductorCitation164 and resistor.Citation85 Boron most likely present in all these compositions, but not always detectable by the analysis methods – mentioned where explicitly formulated/detected
Figure 2. Liquidus temperatures of binary systems, redrawn from phase diagrams Bi2O3–SiO2,Citation281 Bi2O3–GeO2 (PDC-2359), Bi2O3–B2O3 (PDC-323) and PbO–B2O3 (PDC-282)
Figure 3. Glass transition temperatures Tg of binary systems according to George et al.Citation248 (heavy lines), compared with other works (×: Ref. 317; Δ: Ref. 318; +: Ref. 141; *: Ref. 319)
Table 12. Glass-forming range of Bi2O3 and PbO/SnOFootnote† binary systems with networkforming oxides, with quenching index Q and crucibleFootnote‡ indicated as subscript
Figure 6. Some oxygen coordination shells around Bi observed in crystalline oxides (see section on ‘Coordination of bismuth in crystalline oxides’ in Supplementary Material 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743280412Y.0000000010.S1 and ): E = Bi3+ lone pair electrons
Table 14. Description of oxygen coordination shells around Bi observed in crystalline oxides (see section on ‘Coordination of bismuth in crystalline oxides’ in Supplementary Material 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743280412Y.0000000010.S1 and ) (E stands for Bi3+ lone pair electrons)
Figure 9. Results, in cation-%, of our experiments on stability of Bi2O3 based glasses in TF firing cycles (belt oven, 45 min total time with 10 min at peak, 400–700°C)
Table 19. Composite sealing glasses (compositions: see )
Figure 10. Application of enamel to automotive glass, as a antistick layer during forming and b adhesive protection layer (redrawn from SakoskeCitation47)
Table 21. Advantages and issues of Bi in conductors and component metallisations.
Figure 11. Microstructure and conduction mechanism of TFRsCitation1
Figure 12. Typical composition (without temporary vehicle/binder) of TFRs with lead borosilicate glass matrixCitation1
Figure 13. Sheet resistivity at 25°C and temperature coefficient (HTCR, 25–100°C), versus length and firing temperature, of experimental TFRs fired on Al2O3 with Ag terminationsCitation1
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![Figure 7. [BO4] tetrahedra fraction N4 in boron coordination polyhedra ([BO3] and [BO4]), for Bi2O3–B2O3 glass (○: Ref. 318; +: Ref. 247; □: Ref. 327) and crystallised glass (•: Ref. 318), (ZnO.Bi2O3)–B2O3 glass (Δ: Ref. 355) and PbO–B2O3 glass (×: Ref. 397)](/cms/asset/a4acd27c-48fc-4807-aaa2-2d3c4de5e495/yimr_a_11743737_f0007_b.jpg)
