Measuring resilience after spinal cord injury: Development, validation and psychometric characteristics of the SCI-QOL Resilience item bank and short form

Figures & data

Table 1. Calibration sample demographics

Variable	Emotional domain sample, N = 717; Mean (SD), N (%)
Age (years)	43.0 (15.3)
Age at injury (years)	36.1 (16.8)
Sex
Male	559 (78%)
Female	158 (22%)
Ethnicity
Hispanic	82 (11%)
Non-Hispanic	631 (88%)
Not reported/Refused	4 (1%)
Race
Caucasian	505 (70%)
African-American	125 (17%)
Asian	8 (1%)
American Indian/Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	7 (1%)
More than one race	9 (1%)
Other	50 (7%)
Not provided/Refused	4 (1%)
Time since injury	7.1 (10.0)
<1 year post injury	196 (27%)
1–3 years post injury	186 (26%)
>3 years post injury	335 (47%)
Diagnosis
Paraplegia complete	182 (25%)
Paraplegia incomplete	143 (20%)
Tetraplegia complete	157 (22%)
Tetraplegia incomplete	231 (33%)
Unknown	4 (0%)

Table 2. Resilience items and item bank parameters

		Item response theory calibration statistics
Item ID	Item stem	Slope	Threshold 1	Threshold 2	Threshold 3	Threshold 4
Resilience_32	I had given up on myself	1.75272	−3.19449	−2.28929	−1.27729	−0.49044
Resilience_6	I was able to manage my life	1.75342	−2.74088	−1.88373	−0.66215	0.46579
Resilience_2	I felt motivated	2.29586	−2.52889	−1.75347	−0.50769	0.56102
Resilience_27	I strived to improve myself	1.79322	−3.26074	−2.43580	−1.19054	−0.03114
Resilience_26	I was able to recognize and overcome challenges	2.70552	−2.74469	−1.83458	−0.57236	0.63103
Resilience_9	I tried to see the positive side of things.	2.78396	−2.77487	−2.07635	−0.96070	0.10671
Resilience_31	I found new ways to solve problems	1.47516	−2.88794	−1.95879	−0.32703	1.10999
Resilience_12	I could adapt easily to new situations	1.97179	−2.92753	−1.84342	−0.42858	0.82820
Resilience_25	I was confident that I could overcome my limitations.	2.49033	−2.29061	−1.49300	−0.46195	0.60415
Resilience_24	I was able to handle difficult situations	2.38919	−2.71758	−1.85479	−0.53996	0.64778
Resilience_29	I was happy with my ability to cope with my injury	2.92095	−2.22885	−1.51770	−0.52341	0.48801
Resilience_11	I found new things to enjoy.	1.89894	−2.33796	−1.21427	0.10162	1.01527
Resilience_23	I felt I can get through difficult times.	2.86073	−2.81539	−1.87238	−0.63210	0.40837
Resilience_10	I had a positive attitude.	3.26283	−2.67671	−1.66914	−0.70469	0.33249
Resilience_14	I was driven to succeed in my life	2.38527	−2.23904	−1.47524	−0.45307	0.43582
Resilience_5	I used positive ways to cope with my injury.	3.05822	−2.63899	−1.79753	−0.62957	0.37740
Resilience_20	I felt the things I went through made me a stronger person	1.89313	−2.57051	−1.70510	−0.77657	0.12463
Resilience_3	I accepted my injury	1.56222	−2.11446	−1.66458	−0.85222	0.10169
Resilience_30	I achieved emotional balance in my life	2.21132	−2.41595	−1.47718	−0.36837	0.82804
Resilience_7	I felt good about how I have coped with my injury.	3.04441	−2.32351	−1.63138	−0.71672	0.27273
Resilence_28	I took action to improve my life.	2.33577	−2.85209	−2.20087	−0.74018	0.33513

Items in bold represent short form selections.

Context for all Resilience items was ‘In the past 7 days…’.

Response set was: 1 = Never/2 = Rarely/3 = Sometimes/4 = Often/5 = Always. Item Resilience_32 is reverse-scored.

All SCI-QOL Items and parameters copyright © 2015 David Tulsky and Kessler Foundation. All Rights Reserved. Scales should be accessed and used through the corresponding author or http://www.assessmentcenter.net. Do not modify items without permission from the copyright holder.

Figure 1. SCI-QOL resilience item bank information and precision.

Table 3. Accuracy of variable- and fixed-length CAT and 8-Item short form: correlations with full-bank score

Mode	N	# Items admin			Max	%Min	%Max	Corr. w/Full Bank
		Mean	SD	Min
Variable-Length CAT (min 4)	717	6.35	2.7	4	12	26.7	13.8	0.97
Variable-Length CAT (min 8)	717	8.64	1.4	8	12	80.6	13.8	0.98
8-Item Fixed-Length CAT	717	8	0	8	8	n/a	n/a	0.98
8-Item Short Form	717	8	0	8	8	n/a	n/a	0.97

Figure 2. SCI-QOL Resilience: measurement reliability by T-score and assessment method. Note: CAT, Computer Adaptive Testing, which was simulated from calibration data.

Table 4. Breadth of coverage for variable length CAT, fixed length CAT, 8-item short form, and full item bank

Mode	N	T Score				Standard error
		Mean ± SD	Range	% Ceiling	% Floor	Mean ± SD	Range
Variable-length CAT (min 4)	717	50.33 ± 9.45	18.00–70.04	6.14%	0.14%	0.305 ± 0.057	0.265–0.507
Variable-length CAT (min 8)	717	50.35 ± 9.52	18.00–70.04	6.14%	0.14%	0.269 ± 0.073	0.206–0.507
8-Item Fixed-length CAT	717	50.32 ± 9.40	18.00–68.27	8.52%	0.14%	0.277 ± 0.085	0.206–0.519
8-Item Short Form	717	50.26 ± 9.25	16.80–66.40	10.75%	0.14%	0.294 ± 0.094	0.22–.58
Full Bank	717	50.37 ± 9.66	15.44–70.95	5.59%	0.14%	0.212 ± 0.083	0.152–0.491

Table 5. T-score lookup table for Resilience SF8a

Raw score	T-score	Standard error
8	16.4	3.7
9	19.4	3.1
10	21.3	2.9
11	22.9	2.7
12	24.4	2.6
13	25.7	2.5
14	27.0	2.5
15	28.2	2.5
16	29.4	2.5
17	30.6	2.5
18	31.8	2.5
19	33.0	2.5
20	34.2	2.6
21	35.4	2.6
22	36.7	2.6
23	37.9	2.6
24	39.2	2.6
25	40.4	2.6
26	41.7	2.6
27	43.0	2.6
28	44.3	2.6
29	45.5	2.6
30	46.8	2.6
31	48.1	2.6
32	49.4	2.6
33	50.7	2.6
34	52.1	2.6
35	53.5	2.7
36	55.1	2.9
37	56.9	3.1
38	59.1	3.6
39	61.7	4.0
40	66.4	5.4