Eco-bio-social research on dengue in Asia: a multicountry study on ecosystem and community-based approaches for the control of dengue vectors in urban and peri-urban Asia

Figures & data

Table 1. Productive containers for dengue vectors, type and delivery of interventions to reduce vector population

Country	Main productive containers	Type of intervention	Delivery through
India	Cement tanks, drums, barrels	Newly designed non-insecticidal water container covers	Womens groups
Indonesia	Bath water container, buckets, and small containers	Waste management Pyriproxyphen treatment	Community fora, volunteers, and city council
Myanmar	Cement tanks, drums, and small containers	Biological or mechanical control or pyriproxyphen	Partner groups and community
Philippines	Drums, barrels, and ceramic jars	Cleaning and larviciding of containers	Community volunteers and city council
Sri Lanka	Small discarded containers	Waste disposal	Waste collection services plus community
Thailand	Buckets, tyres, small discarded containers	Waste disposal, copepods, and Bti	Ecohealth volunteers

Table 2. Characteristics of study sites, community-based interventions and vector control approaches used (see Ref. 15 for a more detailed description of the study sites)

Research site	Urban ecosystem	Community interventions	Vector control approaches
			Environmental, including community interventions	Mechanical tools	Biological control agents	Biological products
India (Chennai City)	Densely populated coastal city	Awareness raising among Women’s Self Help Groups	Source reduction, waste management and recycling	Elimination of key containers (e.g. grinding stones)
		School-based IEC, in collaboration with ‘street health ambassadors’		Specially designed lids for cement tanks (wooden frames with polyester)
		Student-initiated public awareness campaigns/rallies
		IEC material distributed by ward volunteers
Indonesia (City of Yogyakarta)	Rapidly urbanizing, densely populated city
	Community forum			Zodia plantation (Evodia suaveolens), fish	Pyroproxyfen (applied city-wide by national NGO Tahija Foundation)
		Culturally appropriate IEC material
		School-based awareness programmes
		Community empowerment, e.g., through establishment of environmental health forum (Forum Lingkungan)
Myanmar (Yangon)	Two differently settled urban ecosystems (townships) of Myanmar’s capital city	Ward volunteers (Yatkwet cetana-wundan)	Waste management combined with distribution of IEC material (pamphlets and booklets) through Thin-ga-ha (friendship) groups for dengue vector control and environmental sanitation	Cotton Net Sweepers	Dragonfly Nymphs	Pyriproxyfen
		Distribution of existing IEC materials and the use of decision-making matrix tool for informed household-based selection of control tools		Lid covers		Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis (Bti)
Philippines (Masagana City)	Rapidly urbanizing city in Metro Manila	Barangay health care workers trained as outreach workers to monitor household management of water containers	Solid waste management	Drum lids (plain polyester nets)
		IEC: educational DVD on dengue distributed in one cluster	Source reduction through household water container management
			Health communication
Sri Lanka (Gampaha district)	Semi-urban and rural district in close proximity to national capital city	Establishment of Environmental Health Association	Solid waste management, including improved waste collection using separation bags	Compost bins	Plants for home growing
		Labor sharing (shramadarma)	Composters
		Home gardening
		Community mobilization
		Community health volunteers
Thailand (Chachoensao Province)	Urban and semi-urban areas of a provincial town and its outskirts	Establishment of ‘Ecohealth Club’ for community health volunteering	Source reduction and IEC efforts through EcoHealth volunteers (Ar-sa-sa-makniwet sukkhaparb)	Screen covers for earthen jars (MosNet)	Copepods	Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis (Bti)
				Mosquito trap (MosHouse)
				Mosquito aspirator (MosBuster)

Note: IEC, Information, Education, and Communication.

Table 3. Process indicators for community involvement (adapted from Ref. 16)

Indicator for community participation	Mobilisation	Collaboration	Empowerment
Leadership	Health professionals	Health professionals and community	Community
Planning and management	Health professionals tell community	Health professionals initiate, community participates	Professionals facilitate, community manages
Women’s involvement	Active participation not a programme objective	Women actively participate but have minor decision-making role	Active participation of women
External support	Funding from outside and controlled by health professionals	Majority of funding from outside but community contributes time, money and materials	Community finds ways to mobilising resources
Monitoring and evaluation	Health professionals	Joint M&E	Participatory community-driven M&E

Figure 1. Process model for eco-bio-social research on integrated dengue vector control.

Figure 2. Spidergrams assessing five indicators of community participation for each research site.