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Special Issue Articles

Killing the hypnozoite – drug discovery approaches to prevent relapse in Plasmodium vivax

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Pages 107-122 | Received 19 Jan 2015, Accepted 30 Mar 2015, Published online: 18 Apr 2015

Figures & data

Figure 1. Liver stage life cycle of Plasmodium spp. A proportion of vivax sporozoites differentiate to a hypnozoite form that ultimately reactivates and proliferates leading to a blood-stage relapse.

Figure 1. Liver stage life cycle of Plasmodium spp. A proportion of vivax sporozoites differentiate to a hypnozoite form that ultimately reactivates and proliferates leading to a blood-stage relapse.

Figure 2. Total dose of primaquine versus % cure.

Figure 2. Total dose of primaquine versus % cure.

Figure 3. The structures of leading 8-aminoquinolines: primaquine, tafenoquine.

Figure 3. The structures of leading 8-aminoquinolines: primaquine, tafenoquine.

Figure 4. Structures of NPC1161C and enantiomers B and C, and bulaquine.

Figure 4. Structures of NPC1161C and enantiomers B and C, and bulaquine.

Table 1. Key in vitro and in vivo data for primaquine, tafenoquine and NPC-1161B

Figure 5. Structures of quinolones, RC-12 and imidazolidinone – 8e.

Figure 5. Structures of quinolones, RC-12 and imidazolidinone – 8e.

Figure 6. Structures of KAI407 and optimised KDU691.

Figure 6. Structures of KAI407 and optimised KDU691.

Figure 7. Phylogenetic tree of Plasmodium spp causing malaria in different species adapted from Hall.Citation72 Branches are not to scale but represent how closely related each species is with each other. The shorter the branch, the closer the genome of each Plasmodium spp. Each plasmodia species is associated with its natural vertebrate host and the number of assembled whole-genome sequences that are publically available, either in public databases or through genome centres is also labelled as described by Hall.

Figure 7. Phylogenetic tree of Plasmodium spp causing malaria in different species adapted from Hall.Citation72 Branches are not to scale but represent how closely related each species is with each other. The shorter the branch, the closer the genome of each Plasmodium spp. Each plasmodia species is associated with its natural vertebrate host and the number of assembled whole-genome sequences that are publically available, either in public databases or through genome centres is also labelled as described by Hall.