Minimal dose of milk protein concentrate to enhance the anabolic signalling response to a single bout of resistance exercise; a randomised controlled trial

Figures & data

Table 1 Subject characteristics

Table 2 Study beverage composition

Table 3 Primer sequences

Table 4 Primer sequences for housekeeping genes

Fig. 1 Glucose and Insulin. Plasma concentrations of glucose (a) and insulin (b) following study beverage ingestion. The dashed line with open circles represents the FMP group and the solid lines with solid squares represent the CHO group. Error bars represent SEM. * = significantly different from time 0 with in the same group (P < 0.05). Φ = significantly different between groups at indicated time point (P < 0.05)

Fig. 2 Amino acids. Plasma concentrations of amino acids (AA) (a), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) (b), essential amino acids (EAA) (c), and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) (d) following study beverage ingestion. The dashed line with open circles represent the FMP group and the solid lines with solid squares represent the CHO group. Error bars represent SEM. * = significantly different from time 0 with in the same group (P < 0.05). Φ = significantly different between groups at indicated time point (P < 0.05)

Fig. 3 Anabolic signalling. Fold changes in phosphorylation status of P70S6K^Thr389 (a), P70S6K^Thr421/Ser424 (b), rpS6 ^Ser235/236 (c), rpS6 ^Ser240/244 (d), ERK1/2^{Thr202/Tyr204} (e) and P90RSK^Ser360 (f) after feeding both at rest and following resistance exercise. Error bars represent SEM, horizontal line represent a main effect. # = significantly different from FED only leg at same time point (P < 0.05). Φ = significantly different between groups at indicated time point, within the exercise condition (P < 0.05). * = significantly different from rested baseline samples (P < 0.05)

Fig. 4 Amino acid transporter gene expression. The mRNA expression of LAT1/ SLC7A5 (a), PAT1/ SLC36A1 (b), CAT1/ SLC7A1 (c) and SNAT2/ SLC38A2 (d). Data are expressed as fold change from rest, error bars represent SEM. Horizontal lines represent a main effect# = significantly different from FED only leg at same time point (P < 0.05). * = significantly different from rested baseline samples (P < 0.05)

Fig. 5 Amino acid transporter protein expression. The protein expression of LAT1 (a), CAT1 (b), and SNAT2 (c). Data are expressed as fold change from rest, error bars represent SEM. # = significantly different from FED only leg at same time point (P < 0.05). * = significantly different from rested baseline samples (P < 0.05)

Fig. 6 Representative images of western blots for data shown in Figs. 3 and 5