Effects of skim milk and isotonic drink consumption before exercise on fluid homeostasis and time-trial performance in cyclists: a randomized cross-over study

Figures & data

Table 1 Nutritional characteristics of drinks per 350 mL

Fig. 1 Time chart of the study protocol. USG: Urine specific gravity. T: Time

Fig. 2 Body mass (a), urine color (b) and urine specific gravity (USG) (c) before (T1) and after (T2) a 18.6 km cycling time-trial race, after ingesting either skim milk (grey line) or isotonic sport drink (black line). Time effects (all p < 0.05) were noted for body mass, urine color, and USG, however, no group, and no time × group interactions were noted (see text for further details)

Fig. 3 Comparison of water consumption during - and the time needed to complete - a 18.6 km cycling time-trial race, after ingesting either skim milk or isotonic sport drink

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.