Rising pharmaceutical innovation in the Global South: a landscape study

Figures & data

Table 1 Examples of pharmaceutical products developed in LMICs (from oldest to most recent)

Fig. 1 Top 10 LMICs by % of GDP invested in health GERD. [43]

Source: Data from the WHO Global Observatory on Health R&D

Table 2 Top* LMICs by number of research grants received, World Report, 2022

Table 3 Amount funded and received for health R&D by income group and country, G-FINDER, 2007–2020

Fig. 2 Health researchers per million inhabitants by country in the top* LMICs, 2021. [44]. *Colombia was not among the top LMICs, but, as a focus country, was added to the figure for comparison

Source: Data from WHO Global Observatory on Health R&D

Fig. 3 Number of clinical trials by income level (1990–2020). [39]

Source: Vieira et al.

Fig. 4 Number of clinical trials in Bangladesh and Colombia by year (1990–2020).

Source: Data from [22]

Fig. 5 Distribution of commercial and non-commercial sponsors and funders by income level (1990–2020). [39]

Source: Vieira et al.

Fig. 6 Categories of national organizations that are primary sponsors, Colombia.

Source: [2]

Fig. 7 Classification of organizations involved in clinical trials in Bangladesh.

Source: Data from [17]

Table 4 List of top LMICs in pharmaceutical R&D combining different sources (in alphabetical order)

Fig. 8 Types of study used for data extraction and analysis (BRAC)

Table 5 Study population and sample size (BRAC)

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Availability of data and materials

Three research reports with data supporting this manuscript are available at https://www.knowledgeportalia.org/resources. Two files with supplementary data used for the analysis of clinical trials are available at: https://zenodo.org/record/7801929 and https://zenodo.org/record/7802113.