Molecular targeting of the GK-GKRP pathway in diabetes

Abstract

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major healthcare concern. Significant efforts are being devoted toward developing new, safe, and more effective treatments. One approach involves activating glucokinase (GK). Earlier GK activator (GKA) approaches have focused on direct activation of GK through allosteric activators.

Areas covered: This review summarizes the roles of GK and its key partner glucokinase regulatory protein in glucose metabolism and describes approaches that may alleviate hypoglycemic risk observed with GKAs.

Expert opinion: The current GKA therapeutic approaches are associated with disappointing success rates. In rodent animal models, efficacy was observed with GKA. However, in all human studies, GKAs effectively lowered blood glucose, but at the expense of an increased risk of hypoglycemia. Other liabilities like loss of efficacy with time and increase in blood pressure or triglyceride levels have been reported with different molecules. To avoid hypoglycemic risk, alternative approaches to regulate GK activity have been initiated. Data from clinical trials using these agents are either not yet available to the public or the compounds are too early in development for humans. GK is a promising target for antidiabetic therapy. Despite encouraging biology, more research is required to fully understand GK as a drug target.

Keywords:

• glucokinase
• glucokinase regulatory protein
• hepatoselective
• hypoglycemia
• pancreatic glucokinase
• type 2 diabetes

Declaration of interest

All authors are employees and shareholders of Amgen, Inc. Editorial support was provided by Larry Kovalick, PharmD, Amgen, Inc. and Swati Karande, MSc, Cactus Communications, on behalf of Amgen. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Notes

This box summarizes key points contained in the article.