Figures & data
Figure 1. Image on bronchoscopy of normal carina in the trachea (A) and complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, saber sheath trachea (B).
![Figure 1. Image on bronchoscopy of normal carina in the trachea (A) and complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, saber sheath trachea (B).](/cms/asset/e1c64c2e-888d-408a-90e6-076e5ab731c9/iedd_a_977783_f0001_oc.jpg)
Figure 2. Image on bronchoscopy of the right main bronchus in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder with acute pneumonia. The lower airway mucosa is denuded with mucopurulent secretion that later cultured Staphylococcus aureus.
![Figure 2. Image on bronchoscopy of the right main bronchus in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder with acute pneumonia. The lower airway mucosa is denuded with mucopurulent secretion that later cultured Staphylococcus aureus.](/cms/asset/0a30263b-0ea6-4620-8ca7-15a780311e4f/iedd_a_977783_f0002_oc.jpg)
Figure 3. Image on bronchoscopy of the right upper lobe in a patient with cystic fibrosis who had diffuse mucopurulent secretions that later cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa (A) and underlying lower airway mucosal inflammation after removal of secretions (B).
![Figure 3. Image on bronchoscopy of the right upper lobe in a patient with cystic fibrosis who had diffuse mucopurulent secretions that later cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa (A) and underlying lower airway mucosal inflammation after removal of secretions (B).](/cms/asset/6affd7cd-9e24-4c0f-8dc4-61243cb2d72d/iedd_a_977783_f0003_oc.jpg)
Table 1. Listing of DPI products currently on the US market (i.e., approved by the US FDA) Citation[101].
Table 2. Listing of DPI products currently in European market Citation[102].
Figure 4. Chemical structures (ACD/ChemSketch 2012, version 14.01, Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, Canada) of example drugs made into dry powder aerosol: (A) Umeclidinium bromide; (B) Indacaterol; (C) Aclidinium bromide; (D). Mometsone furoate; (E) Formoterol fumarate; and (F) Vilanterol.
![Figure 4. Chemical structures (ACD/ChemSketch 2012, version 14.01, Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, Canada) of example drugs made into dry powder aerosol: (A) Umeclidinium bromide; (B) Indacaterol; (C) Aclidinium bromide; (D). Mometsone furoate; (E) Formoterol fumarate; and (F) Vilanterol.](/cms/asset/f425f2ad-f26b-4bc6-a08b-13d5d23ad365/iedd_a_977783_f0004_ob.jpg)
Figure 5. Image of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) with different DPI device metering systems: (A) Unit dose with the capsule (Aerolizer®). (B) Prefilled multi-unit dose (Diskus®). (C) Multiple-dose powder reservoir bed (Twisthaler®).
![Figure 5. Image of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) with different DPI device metering systems: (A) Unit dose with the capsule (Aerolizer®). (B) Prefilled multi-unit dose (Diskus®). (C) Multiple-dose powder reservoir bed (Twisthaler®).](/cms/asset/eb09f571-a88f-45f6-b15f-dc5a3f38b9fb/iedd_a_977783_f0005_oc.jpg)
Table 3. Selected DPI devices currently available in the USA and European Union (US) Citation[14,40,46,59,61,103-109].
Figure 6. Images of various parts for two unit-dose DPI devices: Left column – HandiHaler®, right column – Aerolizer®. (A & E) – device external view; (B & F) – capsule chamber and grid; (C & G) – mouth piece; (D & H) – capsule-piercing pins within the capsule chamber.
![Figure 6. Images of various parts for two unit-dose DPI devices: Left column – HandiHaler®, right column – Aerolizer®. (A & E) – device external view; (B & F) – capsule chamber and grid; (C & G) – mouth piece; (D & H) – capsule-piercing pins within the capsule chamber.](/cms/asset/59624fe6-3c31-413e-b5a8-05a3afebcdc5/iedd_a_977783_f0006_oc.jpg)