Valuing inter-sectoral costs and benefits of interventions in the healthcare sector: methods for obtaining unit prices

Figures & data

Table 1. Selected ICBs.

	Educational sector	Criminal justice sector
Selected	- Problems with school entry - Grade retention - School dropout/premature leave - Special education services (schools) - Special education services (personal budget) - Special education services (transport) - Additional study guidance - Attendance officer	- (Im)material damages (victims) - Lost work of victims - Illegal untaxed income - Police services, prosecutor - Judicial expenses (lawyer) - Judicial expenses (court) - Forensic services - Forensic psychiatrist - Imprisonment - Fines and transactions - Other penalties - Lost work and belongings (offender) - Probation - Child protective services
Nonselected	- School readiness, adaption, competence, participation, engagement, attainment, productivity, meeting obligations, experience - Cognitive deficits (e.g. learning disabilities) - Change in educational outcomes, intellectual and academic performance - School teacher–student relationship - Home education, residential programs	- Violence and crime (domestic violence, unlawful threats, assaults, violence toward officials, drunk driving, sexual assaults toward adults, homicide, vandalism, theft, and child maltreatment, including physical, psychological, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect) - Parole

Table 2. Checklist of ICBs within the educational sector and related unit prices.

ICB	Methods^a	Unit price (euro, 2012)^b	Unit	Source^c
Problems with school entry	B, C	5092.88–22,533.71	per year	Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap)
Grade retention		25.46–112.67	per day
School dropout/premature leave		5.42–23.97	per hour
Special education (schools)
Special education (personal budget)	B	3065.67–26,076.57	per budget	50tien Special Education (50tien Steunpunt Passend Onderwijs)
Special education (transport)	B	2123.34	per year	CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (Centraal Planbureau)
		10.62	Per day
Additional study guidance	B	29.27	per hour	Check5 Homework Assistance (Check5 Huiswerk Begeleiding)
Attendance officer	D	40.61	per hour	Statistics Netherlands – Statline (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek – Statline)

^aMethods include the opportunity cost method (A), valuation based on unit prices found in acknowledged sources (B), valuation based on self-constructed unit prices (C), and valuation based on hourly labor costs (D). ICBs for which no unit prices were found were marked with an ‘E’.

^bMethods and unit prices for problems with school entry also apply to grade retention, school dropout/premature leave, and special education (schools). Ranges in unit prices result from price differences between several types of education [32].

^cAn extensive description of the sources, the methods with which unit prices were obtained and the level to which unit prices match measurement units can be found elsewhere [32].

Table 3. Checklist of ICBs within the criminal justice sector and related unit prices.

ICB	Methods^a	Unit price (euro, 2012)^b	Unit	Source^c
(Im)material damages^c	B,C	110.94–3438.76	per case	Victim Support the Netherlands (Slachtofferhulp Nederland), The Violent Offences Compensation Fund (Schadefonds Geweldsmisdrijven), Dutch Guarantee Fund (Waarborgfonds Motorverkeer)
Lost work of victims	E	–	–
Illegal untaxed income	E	–	–
Police, prosecutor	D	40.61	per hour	Statistics Netherlands – Statline (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek – Statline)
Judicial expenses (lawyer)	B	231.00–1455.00	per legal assistance	Ministry of Security and Justice (Ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie), Legal Aid Board (Raad voor Rechtsbijstand)
Judicial expenses (court)	B	141.72–4003.10	per case	Ministry of Security and Justice (Ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie), Council for the Netherlands Judiciary (Raad voor de Rechtspraak)
Forensic services	C	1420.05	per product	Netherlands Forensic Institute (Nederlands Forensisch Instituut)
Forensic psychiatrist	D	40.61	per hour	Statistics Netherlands – Statline (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek – Statline)
Imprisonment	B	32.79–1597.22	per day	Ministry of Security and Justice (Ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie)
Fines and transactions	B	5.53–4545.07	per fine/transaction	Ministry of Security and Justice (Ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie)
Other penalties	E	–	–
Lost work and belongings (offender)	E	–	–
Probation	C	1837.50–2042.74	per product	Dutch Probation Service (Reclassering Nederland), The Salvation Army (Leger des Heils)
Child protective services	E	–	–

^aMethods include the opportunity cost method (A), valuation based on unit prices found in acknowledged sources (B), valuation based on self-constructed unit prices (C), and valuation based on hourly labor costs (D). ICBs for which no unit prices were found were marked with an ‘E’.

^bRanges in unit prices result from the variety in products, such as differences in costs for several types of court cases or multiple information sources [32].

^cAn extensive description of the sources, the methods with which unit prices were obtained and the level to which unit prices match measurement units can be found elsewhere [32].

Figure 1. Methods for the valuation of ICBs^a.

^aThe order in which methods are placed suggests that there is a hierarchy. However, the choice of method is also dependent on the quality of the data sources.

Drost RMWA, Paulus ATG, Ruwaard D, et al. Handleiding intersectorale kosten en baten van (preventieve) interventies: classificatie, identificatie en kostprijzen. Maastricht: Maastricht University, Department of Health Services Research; 2014.

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