Figures & data
Table 2. Phase III and IV clinical trials with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors looking at cardiovascular outcomes.
Table 3. Phase III and IV placebo-controlled clinical trials with Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists looking at cardiovascular outcomes.
Table 4. Incretins as potential cognitive enhancers in animal models.
Table 5. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in placebo-controlled clinical trials with cognitive outcomes.
Table 6. Clinical trials with Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and bone outcomes.
Table 7. Placebo-controlled clinical trials with Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and bone outcomes.
Sitagliptin cardiovascular outcome study (MK-0431-082) (TECOS). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00790205 CARMELINA: cardiovascular and renal microvascular outcome study with linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high vascular risk. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01897532 Saxagliptin and atherosclerosis (SAXATH). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01552018 SAFEGUARD: pleiotropic effects of incretin based therapies. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01744236 CAROLINA: cardiovascular outcome study of linagliptin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01243424 Effects of vildagliptin/metformin combination on markers of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and inflammation in diabetics with coronary artery disease (VAAST). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01604213 Exenatide study of cardiovascular event lowering trial (exscel): a trial to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes after treatment with exenatide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01144338 Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results - A Long Term Evaluation (LEADER®). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01179048 Evaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes after acute coronary syndrome during treatment with ave0010 (lixisenatide) (ELIXA). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01147250 Researching cardiovascular events with a weekly incretin in diabetes (REWIND). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01394952 A Study to Evaluate cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with ITCA 650. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01455896 The Effect of liraglutide on the treatment of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes (AddHope2). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01595789 During MJ, Cao L, Zuzga DS, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is involved in learning and neuroprotection. Nat Med 2003;9(9):1173-9 Iwai T, Suzuki M, Kobayashi K, et al. The influences of juvenile diabetes on memory and hippocampal plasticity in rats: improving effects of glucagon-like peptide-1. Neurosci Res 2009;64(1):67-74 Abbas T, Faivre E, Hölscher C. Impairment of synaptic plasticity and memory formation in GLP-1 receptor KO mice: interaction between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2009;205(1):265-71 Wang XH, Li L, Hölscher C, et al. Val8-glucagon-like peptide-1 protects against A β1-40-induced impairment of hippocampal late-phase long-term potentiation and spatial learning in rats. Neuroscience 2010;170(4):1239-48 Isacson R, Nielsen E, Dannaeus K, et al. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist exendin-4 improves reference memory performance and decreases immobility in the forced swim test. Eur J Pharmacol 2011;650(1):249-55 Kinzig KP, D’Alessio DA, Herman JP, et al. CNS glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors mediate endocrine and anxiety responses to interoceptive and psychogenic stressors. J Neurosci 2003;23(15):6163-70 Gault VA, Porter WD, Flatt PR, Hölscher C. Actions of exendin-4 therapy on cognitive function and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010;34(8):1341-4 Porter DW, Kerr BD, Flatt PR, et al. Four weeks administration of Liraglutide improves memory and learning as well as glycaemic control in mice with high fat dietary-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010;12(10):891-9 McClean PL, Parthsarathy V, Faivre E, Hölscher C. The diabetes drug liraglutide prevents degenerative processes in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci 2011;31(17):6587-94 McIntyre RS, Powell AM, Kaidanovich-Beilin O, et al. The neuroprotective effects of GLP-1: possible treatments for cognitive deficits in individuals with mood disorders. Behav Brain Res 2013;237:164-71 Treatment of antipsychotic-associated obesity with a glp-1 analogue (TAO). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01794429 Exenatide for the treatment of weight gain associated with olanzapine in obese adults. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00845507 Identifying potential effects of liraglutide on degenerative changes. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01469351 A Pilot clinical trial of exendin-4 in Alzheimer’s disease. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01255163 Exendin-4 as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease - pilot study. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01174810 Liraglutide effects on memory in healthy subjects. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01550653 Changes in bone turnover with increased incretin hormone exposure (DRTC). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01374568 Effect of anti-diabetic drugs on bone metabolism and glycemic variability (BoneGlyc). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01679899 Changes in bone turnover with exposure to a glp-1 receptor agonist (CMBD). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01381926