To BD or not to BD: functional neuroimaging and the boundaries of bipolarity

Figures & data

Figure 1. Successive and recurrent mechanisms in emotional processing.

Broken arrows indicate enhancing or suppressive effects; solid arrows indicate different emotion regulation strategies at different time points during emotional processing.

CC: Cingulate cortex; dACC: Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; dlPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; mPFC: Medial prefrontal cortex; OFC: Orbitofrontal cortex; vlPFC: Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; vmPFC: Ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Reproduced with permission from [15].

Table 1. Summary of neuroimaging findings in bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder and major depressive disorder.

Structure	BD (overall)	BD (trait)	BD-II	BPD	MDD
Core limbic structures (amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, insula)	↑	⇑	⇑	↑	↑
Striatum	↑	⇑	⇑	⇑⇓	↓
sgACC	⇓left; ⇑right			⇓	⇓left; ⇑right
pgACC	⇓				⇑right
VLPFC	↓	⇓		⇑⇓	⇑
VMPFC + DMPFC	⇑	⇑	⇑⇓		⇑
DLPFC	⇑⇓			⇓	⇓

↑Probable increase.

↓Probable decrease

⇑Possible increase.

⇓Possible decrease.

⇑⇓Conflicting findings.

BD: Bipolar disorder; BPD: Borderline personality disorder; DLPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMPFC: Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; MDD: Major depressive disorder; pgACC: Pregenual anterior cingulate cortex; sgACC: Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex; VLPFC: Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; VM: Ventromedial; VMPFC: Ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

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Wessa M, Linke J. Emotional processing in bipolar disorder: behavioural and neuroimaging findings. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 21(4), 357–367 (2009).

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