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Theme: Pain - Review

Lessons learned in the abuse of pain-relief medication: a focus on healthcare costs

, &
Pages 527-544 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

Figures & data

Figure 1. Global morphine consumption in 2007.

Data taken from International Narcotics Control Board, United Nations Data. Graphic created by the Pain and Policy Study Group, University of Wisconsin/WHO Collaborating Center (2009).

Figure 1. Global morphine consumption in 2007.Data taken from International Narcotics Control Board, United Nations Data. Graphic created by the Pain and Policy Study Group, University of Wisconsin/WHO Collaborating Center (2009).
Figure 2. Opioid-related deaths, 1999–2010 in all categories.

Data taken from Citation[33].

Figure 2. Opioid-related deaths, 1999–2010 in all categories.Data taken from Citation[33].
Figure 3. Deaths from unintentional drug overdoses in the USA according to major type of drug, 1999–2007.

Adapted with permission from Citation[211].

Figure 3. Deaths from unintentional drug overdoses in the USA according to major type of drug, 1999–2007.Adapted with permission from Citation[211].
Figure 4. Rates of opioid pain reliever overdose deaths, opioid pain relief treatment admissions and kilograms of opioid pain relievers sold – USA, 1999–2010.

Age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for OPR deaths, crude rates per 10,000 population for OPR abuse treatment admissions and crude rates per 10,000 population for kilograms of OPR sold.

OPR: Opioid pain reliever.

Adapted with permission from Citation[33].

Figure 4. Rates† of opioid pain reliever overdose deaths, opioid pain relief treatment admissions and kilograms of opioid pain relievers sold – USA, 1999–2010.†Age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population for OPR deaths, crude rates per 10,000 population for OPR abuse treatment admissions and crude rates per 10,000 population for kilograms of OPR sold.OPR: Opioid pain reliever.Adapted with permission from Citation[33].
Figure 5. Annual societal costs of opioid abuse, dependence and misuse in the USA, 2007.

Adapted with permission from Citation[218].

Figure 5. Annual societal costs of opioid abuse, dependence and misuse in the USA, 2007.Adapted with permission from Citation[218].
Figure 6. Percentage of patients and prescription drug overdoses, by risk group in the USA.

Adapted with permission from Citation[41].

Figure 6. Percentage of patients and prescription drug overdoses, by risk group in the USA.Adapted with permission from Citation[41].
Figure 7. Guidance to opioid therapy.

CT: Computed tomography.

Adapted with permission from Citation[5].

Figure 7. Guidance to opioid therapy.CT: Computed tomography.Adapted with permission from Citation[5].

Table 1. Retail sales of opioid medications (grams of medication) from 1997 to 2007.

Activity Evaluation: Where 1 is strongly disagree and 5 is strongly agree

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