Regenerative Medicine: Could Parkinson's be the First Neurodegenerative Disease to be cured?

Figures & data

Table 1. Advantages, disadvantages and results of neural precursors derived from human fetal, embryonic, reprogrammed somatic cells and parthenogenetic cells.

Cell type	Advantages	Disadvantages	Results
hfventral	First clinical studies made	Ethical concerns Scarce source	Excellent long-term results
hESC	Guaranteed cell source H9WA09 GMP in place to produce cells of quality Detailed description of cell markers	Immunosuppression treatment	Functional recovery No tumorigenicity Variability
hiPSC	Absence of ethical inconvenience Matched HLA is possible No immunosuppression treatment Detailed description of cell markers	Time-consuming and high-cost	Functional recovery No tumorigenicity Variability
hpNSC	Less ethical objections Produce neurotrophic agents	Lack of ‘bona fide’ DOPAminergic markers	Unknown long-term evolution
iNC	No pluripotency stage needed	Unknown	Unknown

hpNSC: Human parthenogenetic neural stem cell; hESC: Human embryonic stem cell; iNC: Directly induced neuronal cells from skin cells.

Table 2. Ongoing clinical trials worldwide.

Cell type	Clinical trials	Country/Leaders	Consortium/Company/University
hfC hfC	NCT001898390 2010-2021 NCT03128450 2017	UK, Sweden Dr Barker RA, Dr Parmar M China Dr Chun-Feng Liu	TRANSEURO GFORCE Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
hESC	NCT03119636 2017-2020	China Dr Qi Zhou	Chinese Academy of Sciences
hiPSC	R000038278 2018	Japan Dr Jun Takahashi	Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University
UCMSC	NCT03550183 2018	China Dr Shengjun An	Newtherapy BIo-Pharma Technology Co., Ltd Shijiazhuang, Hebei
ASC	NCT02184546 2014-2018	USA	StemGenex, San Diego, CA
BMSC	NCT01446614 2011-	China	Hospital Guanjzhou, Guanjdong
BMSC	NCT03297177 2016-	USA MD Stem Cells	The Healing Institute Margate, FL, USA Euro-Arabian Hospital Dubai, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
BMSC	NCT02611167 2017-2019	USA Dr Mya Schiess	The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX
hpNSC	NCT02452723 2016-2020	Australia, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville	International Stem Cell Corporation, Carlsbad, CA

Source NIH https://clinicaltrials.gov/

ASC: Adipose stem cell; BMSC: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; hfC: Human fetal cell; hpNSC: Human parthenogenetic neural stem cell; hESC: Human embryonic stem cell; UCMSC: Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell.