Cancer, Diabetes, Survival and Glycemic Control: A Large Multisite Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1. Patient demographics by diabetes status for total cohort.

Characteristic	Group ^†		p-value
	Diabetes (n = 3934)	No diabetes (n = 3934)
Age at cancer diagnosis, years	67 (10)	67 (10)	NA
Sex			NA
Women	1467 (37.3)	1467 (37.3)
Men	2467 (62.7)	2467 (62.7)
Site			NA
Southwest	730 (18.6)	730 (18.6)
Southeast	844 (21.5)	844 (21.5)
Midwest	2360 (60.0)	2360 (60.0)
Race			<0.001 ^‡
White	3443 (87.5)	3625 (92.1)
Other than White	491 (12.5)	309 (7.9)
TNM staging			NA
1	1095 (27.8)	1095 (27.8)
2	1421 (36.1)	1421 (36.1)
3	594 (15.1)	594 (15.1)
4	824 (20.9)	824 (20.9)
Weighted CCI	6.2 (3.7)	5.4 (3.5)	<0.001 ^§
Year of cancer diagnosis			NA
2012	608 (15.5)	596 (15.1)
2013	575 (14.6)	599 (15.2)
2014	593 (15.1)	581 (14.8)
2015	640 (16.3)	654 (16.6)
2016	657 (16.7)	648 (16.5)
2017	682 (17.3)	699 (17.8)
2018	179 (4.5)	157 (4.0)

† Values are mean (SD) or no of patients (%).

‡ χ² test.

§ Paired t-test.

CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; NA: Not applicable, matched variable.

Table 2. Patient demographics by geographic location for total cohort.

Characteristic	Location ^†			p-value
	Southwest (n = 1460)	Southeast (n = 1688)	Midwest (n = 4720)
Age at cancer diagnosis, years	68 (9)	67 (9)	67 (10)	<0.001 ^‡
Sex				NA
Women	444 (30.4)	744 (44.1)	1746 (37.0)
Men	1016 (69.6)	944 (55.9)	2974 (63.0)
Cancer site				NA
Breast	286 (19.6)	374 (22.2)	762 (16.1)
Colon	80 (5.5)	110 (6.5)	462 (9.8)
Lung	264 (18.1)	402 (23.8)	1128 (23.9)
Pancreas	154 (10.5)	294 (17.4)	896 (19.0)
Prostate	676 (46.3)	508 (30.1)	1472 (31.2)
Diabetes				NA
No	730 (50.0)	844 (50.0)	2360 (50.0)
Yes	730 (50.0)	844 (50.0)	2360 (50.0)
Race				<0.001 ^§
White	1305 (89.4)	1393 (82.5)	4370 (92.6)
Other than White	155 (10.6)	295 (17.5)	350 (7.4)
TNM staging				NA
1	424 (29.0)	494 (29.3)	1272 (26.9)
2	482 (33.0)	598 (35.4)	1762 (37.3)
3	272 (18.6)	234 (13.9)	682 (14.4)
4	282 (19.3)	362 (21.4)	1004 (21.3)
Weighted CCI	5.1 (3.5)	5.5 (3.5)	6.1 (3.7)	<0.001 ^‡
Cancer diagnosis, year				NA
2012	192 (13.2)	234 (13.9)	778 (16.5)
2013	208 (14.2)	218 (12.9)	748 (15.8)
2014	221 (15.1)	233 (13.8)	720 (15.3)
2015	245 (16.8)	255 (15.1)	794 (16.8)
2016	245 (16.8)	267 (15.8)	793 (16.8)
2017	283 (19.4)	300 (17.8)	798 (16.9)
2018	66 (4.5)	181 (10.7)	89 (1.9)

† Values are mean (SD) or no of patients (%).

‡ Analysis of variance F test.

§ χ² test.

CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; NA: Not applicable, matched variable.

Table 3. Unadjusted and adjusted OS for patients with cancer and coexisting diabetes (compared with no diabetes), total cohort.

Cancer type	Unadjusted OS		Adjusted OS
	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value
All	1.16 (1.04–1.29)	.007	1.07 (0.96–1.19)	0.23
Breast	1.62 (1.09–2.41)	.02	1.39 (0.91–2.13)	0.13
Colon	1.21 (0.86–1.69)	.27	1.10 (0.78–1.56)	0.59
Lung	1.14 (0.96–1.34)	.13	1.04 (0.88–1.24)	0.64
Pancreas	1.11 (0.93–1.34)	.26	1.08 (0.90–1.31)	0.41
Prostate	1.05 (0.74–1.50)	.79	0.81 (0.54–1.22)	0.31

HR: Hazard ratio; OS: Overall survival.

Figure 1. Glucose control for 1 year after cancer diagnosis.

Data overall (all cancers, all sites) and for individual cancers (aggregate all sites). (A) Hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c) values for patients with diabetes only. (B) Glucose values for patients with and without diabetes.