Prevalence, Determinants of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Impact on Quality of Life Among Students in Karachi, Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants (n = 300).

Characteristics	Frequency (n)	Proportion (%)
Age (years) mean ± SD 18–21 22–27	23 ± 0.530 171 129	57 43
Sex Male Female	121 179	40.3 59.7
Students' area of study Medical Nonmedical	150 150	50 50
Smoking Ever smoker Never smokes	32 268	10.7 89.3
Sinonasal Outcome Test score Nasal domain Otologic domain Sleep domain Emotional domain Total score	Mean (SD) 14.7 (2.3) 7.9 (1.5) 29.5 (3.9) 6.3 (1.2) 69.2 (5.8)	Range 0–35 0–15 0–50 0–10 0–110
Rhinosinusitis Disability Index score Physical domain Functional domain Emotional domain Total score	Mean (SD) 2.21 (0.65) 1.36 (0.21) 1.49 (0.33) 45.40 (12.3)	Range 0–11 0–7 0–6 0–72

SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2. Symptoms that affect the quality of life of study participants.

Symptoms	Frequency (n)	Proportion (%)
The pain or pressure in my face makes it difficult for me to concentrate	76	25.3
The pain in my eyes makes it difficult for me to read	85	28.3
I have difficulty stooping over to lift objects because of face pressure	46	15.3
I have difficulty with strenuous yard work and housework	65	21.7
Straining increases or worsens my problem	64	21.3
I am inconvenienced by my chronic runny nose	67	22.3
Food does not taste good because of my change in smell	54	18
My frequent sniffing is irritating to my friends and family	70	23.3
I don't sleep well	67	22.3
I have difficulty with exertion due to my nasal obstruction	59	19.7
My sexual activity is affected	11	3.7
I feel restricted in performance of my routine daily activities	81	27
I avoid traveling	49	16.3
I miss work or social activities	56	18.7

Table 3. Health-related quality score (Sino-nasal Outcome Test) and Rhinosinusitis Disability Index associated with sociodemographic characteristics among study participants (n = 300).

Characteristics	Frequency (n)	SNOT-22 Mean (95% CI)	RSDI Mean (95% CI)	p-value
Age, years   18–21   22–27	171 129	14.70 (11.97–16.41) 15.94 (14.22–19.77)	5.14 (4.23–6.05) 4.94 (4.04–5.84)	0.116
Sex   Male   Female	121 179	14.77 (12.28–17.27) 15.82 (13.43–18.21)	5.34 (3.28–5.74) 5.90 (4.37–6.11)	0.560
Students area of study   Medical   Nonmedical	150 150	15.85 (13.34–18.35) 14.95 (12.52–17.38)	5.40 (4.54–6.26) 4.71 (3.74–5.68)	0.011
Smoking   Current smoker   Never smokes	32 268	15.78 (13.87–17.68) 12.70 (8.78–16.62)	6.63 (4.25–5.58) 4.91 (3.85–8.64)	0.042

Figure 1. Comparison of health-related quality of life score based on Sino-nasal Outcome Test (p = 0.043).

Figure 2. Comparison of health-related quality of life score based on Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (p = 0.032).

Figure 3. Rhinosinusitis among medical and nonmedical students (p = 0.00).