A Promising RNA Nanotechnology in Clinical Therapeutics: a Future Perspective Narrative Review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Types of nanomaterials and composites considered in this review and different types of nanoparticles divided into organic, polymeric, bio-based and inorganic categories.

(A) Features and types of nanomaterials. (B) Classifications of nanoparticles based on composition.

Table 1. Composition, characteristics, and optimal trials of several NPs.

Type of NPs	Composition	Properties	Successful attempts/ treatments	Ref.
Lipid NPs	– Globe shaped manifold coated cavity – Consist of organic and inorganic lipid phosphate and steroids.	Capability to merge with biological layers	– Utilized to transmit FUSI to tumor cells of lungs. – Outcome; reduction in magnitude of cancerous cells.	[6]
Chitosan NPs	– Positively charged – Polysaccharide produced by basic de-acetylation of N-terminal of chitin.	– Has both polycation and poly anion characteristics which permits it to establish firm electrostatic interconnections with deoxyribose nucleic acid and anionic mucosal surfaces. – Have the capability of making firm complex compounds with deoxyribose nucleic acid as little as twenty-five hundred nanometer in magnitude. – Its proficiency in adhering is connected to its de-acetylation potential and molecular weight.	– Gastrointestinal tract inoculation of chitosan-based insulin genetic compounds to rats that have diabetes. – Outcome: rapid reduction in the amount of FBS of the rats inoculated with chitosan-DNA particles.	[7]
Dendrimers	A structure in which particles have equal size i.e., monodispersed – Regularly-structured mostly branched three-dimensional format. – Consist of an inner core, inner coatings of polymers, and an outer functional coating adhered to the outermost inner generations.	– High effectiveness in transmission (poly amidoamine dendrimers). – Has amine groups which work in deoxyribose nucleic acid linking and enhancing deoxyribose nucleic acid phagocytosis (pri amines), and assist the emission of deoxyribose nucleic acid into the cytoplasm by functioning as a proto-sponge in endosomes (ter amines).	– Utilized for long-lasting medication of neurological disease [Parkinson's] when mix with plasmid deoxyribose nucleic acid containing glial cell derived neurotrophic factor gene. – Outcome: An enhancement in the number of line crossings and inert time, and the dropping of dopaminergic neurons was decreased.	[8]
Gold NPs		– Inactivity. – Facility of working with thiol interconnections. – Plasmon reverberation.	– Stop the copying of T7 ribose nucleic acid polymerase utilizing NPs of gold functioning with trimethylammonium thiol. – Utilizing NPs of gold based (GNOME) laser transmission technology to enhance the transmission proficiency of Au NPs.	[9]

NP: Nanoparticle.

Figure 2. The generation of nanotechnology in different stages with future perspective.

Figure 3. Showing mechanisms of endosomal escape.

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