Titanium dioxide nanostructure-loaded Adriamycin surmounts resistance in breast cancer therapy: ABCA/P53/C-myc crosstalk

Figures & data

Table 1. Sequence of forward and reverse primers.

Primer name	Forward	Reverse
ABCA1	5′-GGGTGGCTTCGCCTACTTG-3′	5′-GACGCCCGTTTTCTTCTCAG-3′
ABCG1	5′-GTACTGACACACCTGCGAATCAC-3′	5′-TCGTTCCCAATCCCAAGGTA-3′
P53	5′-CTGTCATCTTCTGTCCCTTC-3′	5′-TGGAATCAACCCACAGCTGCA-3′
Jak-2	5′-GCAGTGACCTCCAGAGACAGTCTATCTTTGAAGCAATACGTATGA-3′	5′-GCAGTGACCTCCAGAGACACTTACTTCGTCTCCACAGAA-3′
C-myc	5′-ATCACAGCCCTCACTCAC-3′	5′-ACAGATTCCACAAGGTGC-3′
β-actin	5′-CTTTGATGTCACGCACGATTTC-3′	5′-GGGCCGCTCTAGGCACCAA-3′

Table 2. Calcium concentration in breast cancer serum samples post treatment by Adriamycin and combination of both TiO₂ and Adriamycin.

Groups	Calcium concentration (mg/dl) ± SD
Negative control	10.61 ± 0.56^(a)
Positive control	8.09 ± 0.75^(b)
Doxorubicin	8.44 ± 0.63^(b)
TiO2-Dox	10.17 ± 0.35^(a)

Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). p < 0.05 is considered significant. Groups having the same letter are not significantly different from each other, while those having different letters (a, b, c & d) are significantly different from each other.

Table 3. Zinc concentration in breast cancer serum samples post treatment by Adriamycin and combination of both TiO₂ and Adriamycin.

Groups	Zinc concentration (μg/dl) ± SD
Negative control	203.69 ± 5.78^(a)
Positive control	96.92 ± 6.14^(b)
Doxorubicin	130.55 ± 4.28^(c)
TiO2-Dox	192.64 ± 6.14^(a)

Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). p < 0.05 is considered significant. Groups having the same letter are not significantly different from each other, while those having different letters (a, b, c & d) are significantly different from each other.

Figure 1. Effect of Adriamycin and combination of both TiO₂ and Adriamycin against breast cancer in rat breast tissue on ABCA1 and ABCAG1 gene expression.

Data were expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). p < 0.05 is considered significant. Groups having the same letter are not significantly different from each other, while those having different letters are significantly different from each other.

Figure 2. Effect of Adriamycin and combination of both TiO₂ and Adriamycin against breast cancer in rat breast tissue on P53 and Jak-2 gene expression.

Data were expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). The p < 0.05 is considered significant. Groups having the same letter are not significantly different from each other, while those having different letters are significantly different from each other.

Figure 3. Effect of Adriamycin and combination of both TiO₂ and Adriamycin against breast cancer in rat breast tissue on C-myc gene expression.

Data were expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). p < 0.05 is considered significant. Groups having the same letter are not significantly different from each other, while those having different letters are significantly different from each other.