Fischer's oligopeptide ratio in ischemic hypoxia: prophylactic amendment of sophoretin and melatonin supplementation

Figures & data

Table 1. Impact of sophoretin and/or MLN on hemoglobin concentration in hypoxic rats.

Groups	Hemoglobin
Control	12.5 ± 0.36
SN	4.9 ± 0.31^†
SN and sophoretin	10.0 ± 0.58^‡
SN and MLN	9.5 ± 0.27^‡
SN and sophoretin and MLN	11.0 ± 0.42^‡

† Significantly different from the control group.

‡ Significantly different from the SN-treated group.

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 10.

MLN: Melatonin; SN: SN.

Figure 1. Influence of sophoretin and/or melatonin on brain hypoxia inducible factor gene expression and HSP-70, IL-6 and TNF-α protein expression post NaNO₂-induced hypoxia.

Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 10). A p-value <0.05 is considered significant. Groups having the same letter are not significantly different, while those having different letters are significantly different.

Figure 2. Influence of sophoretin and/or melatonin on serum dopamine, GABA, serotonin and norepinephrine levels following NaNO₂-induced hypoxia.

Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 10). A p-value <0.05 is considered significant. Groups having the same letter are not significantly different, while those having different letters are significantly different.

Table 2. Fischer's ratio oligopeptide determination and plasma amino acid concentrations as well as different nitrogenous compounds in (nmol/ml) in ischemic hypoxic rats, MLN and sophoretin-treated groups.

Parameter	Control	SN	QR	MLN	QR & MLN
Aspartic acid	31.2 ± 6.2	24.1 ± 2.4^¶	28.4 ± 5.5	26.9 ± 6.8	30.2 ± 5.6
Hydroxyproline	47.5 ± 5.7	32.4 ± 5.4^¶	40.1 ± 7.9	38.4 ± 92	44.9 ± 6.9
Threonine	299.3 ± 20.6	257.2 ± 22.5^†	283.3 ± 16.^†	285.7 ± 13.1^†	288.4 ± 11.5^†
Serine	175.4 ± 7.5	215.7 ± 12.2^‡	171.3 ± 10.9^†^,^#	193 ± 18.8	191 ± 15.2
Asparagine	50.5 ± 4.4	41.8 ± 5.5^‡	46.5 ± 6.7	41.4 ± 11.7^‡	48.9 ± 8.9^‡
Glutamine	805.7 ± 66.3	840.4 ± 38.6^†	820 ± 65.8^‡	800.8 ± 45.2^†	508 ± 86.6^†
Proline	149.33 ± 5.44	117.9 ± 12.8^†	137.5 ± 19.2	129.9 ± 16.8^‡	140.6 ± 17.4^‡
Glycine	217.5 ± 11.5	194.8 ± 23.6	200.5 ± 23	188.3 ± 16.3	206.5 ± 16.5
Alanine	400.9 ± 30.2	488.9 ± 66.9^†	430.3 ± 11.3^‡	438.4 ± 14.5^‡	420.7 ± 7.9
Citrulline	102.78 ± 12.4	69.2 ± 7.3^†	88.2 ± 9.4^†	82.3 ± 8.1^†	99.9 ± 5.4^†
Valine	202.4 ± 30.2	231.5 ± 20.3^†	218.6 ± 20.1^†	222.8 ± 14.5^†	213.1 ± 12.9^†
Methionine	56.8 ± 6.4	66.5 ± 7.7^‡	57.3 ± 6.9	62.3 ± 9.1^‡	60.9 ± 8.6
Isoleucine	97.9 ± 9.7	145.5 ± 8.4	96.5 ± 7.7	140.13 ± 5.7	130.8 ± 8.4
Leucine	187.8 ± 16.9	224.4 ± 18.4^†	210.1 ± 16.4^†	190.2 ± 1.7^†	185.3 ± 13.9^†
Tyrosine	58.8 ± 23.5	145.8 ± 30.5^†	100.3 ± 19.7^†	97.1 ± 21.6^†	99.9 ± 20.9^†
Phenylalanine	77.3 ± 8.7	163.5 ± 24.8^†	89.8 ± 19.3^¶^,^†	93.7 ± 20.8^¶^,^†	88.9 ± 1 3.4^†
Histidine	70.7 ± 5.6	60.9 ± 4.8^‡	56.4 ± 4.6^†	60.9 ± 40.3^‡	62.4 ± 7.9^¶
Tryptophan	100.2 ± 7.6	115.9 ± 6.7^¶	104.9 ± 5.5	111.5 ± 6.6	106.6 ± 8.2
Ornithine	78.8 ± 6.5	88.6 ± 7.9^¶	78.2 ± 6.4^#	77.4 ± 5.7^#	79.1 ± 6.6^#
Lysine	340.7 ± 55.8	353.5 ± 76.8^‡	320.8 ± 34.7^†	338.4 ± 29.8^†	340.5 ± 29.2^‡
Arginine	313.7 ± 20.9	283.5 ± 40.7	300.2 ± 33.6	289.6 ± 45.3	305.3 ± 21.9
α-aminoadipic acid	30.3 ± 3.2	16.5 ± 3.6^†	21.5 ± 3.2^‡	22.2 ± 3.8^¶	26.8 ± 6.1^‡
1-methyl-histidine	1.8 ± 0.32	1.5 ± 0.39	1.65 ± 0.36	1.5 ± 0.11	1.563 ± 0.41
Urea	3219 ± 156.3	7332 ± 235.9^†	6414 ± 133.5^†	6500 ± 144.6^†	6301 ± 115.6^†
Asparagine	294.5 ± 46.4	297.5 ± 55.9	280.5 ± 44.3^‡^,^†	270.6 ± 33.8^†	275.3 ± 55.4^†
Ammonia	186 ± 16.8	320 ± 18.3^†	180 ± 19.5^†	190 ± 22.3^†	185 ± 21.7^†
Aminobutyric acid	8.23 ± 0.74	5.9 ± 0. 54	7.6 ± 0.56	6.3 ± 0.66	7.4 ± 0.26
Taurine	138 ± 26.4	228 ± 21.5^‡	190 ± 18.5	200 ± 23.5^¶	210 ± 24.4^¶
Hyomocystine	0.699 ± 0.033	0.819 ± 0.11	0.615 ± 0.05	0.688 ± 0.02	0.632 ± 0.03
BCAA	488.1 ± 23.6	601.4 ± 17.7^†	525.2 ± 23.5^†	553.6 ± 18.5^†	529.03 ± 19.9^†
AAA	136.6 ± 21.7	309.3 ± 23.4^†	190.1 ± 25.4^†	190.8 ± 28.1^†	188.8 ± 23.2^†
Fischer's ratio	3.57 ± 0.04	1.94 ± 0.01^†	2.76 ± 0.03	2.9 ± 0.1^#	2.8 ± 0.09

† Are significant at p < 0.001.

‡ Are significant at p < 0.01.

¶ Significantly different from control group.

# Significantly different from SN-treated group.

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 10.

MLN: Melatonin.

Figure 3. Single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGS; COMET) assay showing the degree of DNA damage in the brain tissue.

Of (A) control group revealing no significant DNA damage. (B) The SN hypoxic group revealing a highly significant DNA damage represented by tail length. (C) The sophoretin-treated group revealing low DNA damage. (D) The melatonin treated group with moderate DNA damage. (E) The sophoretin and melatonin-treated group with the lowest DNA damage.

Figure 4. Influence of sophoretin and/or melatonin on DNA damage (tail moment, length and tail DNA %) following NaNO₂ induced hypoxia.

(A) Percentage of tail moment, (B) percentage of untailed, (C) tailed percentage, (D) tail DNA percentage, (E) tail length in SN hypoxic group and different treated groups. Data are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 10). P-value <0.05 is considered significant. Groups having the same letter are not significantly different, while those having different letters are significantly different.