Effect of dance on lower-limb range of motion in young people with cerebral palsy: a blinded randomized controlled clinical trial

Figures & data

Figure 1 Timeline of the study.

Abbreviations: GMFCS, gross motor function classification system; ROM, range of motion.

Figure 2 Flow diagram of the study.

Table 1 Descriptive and anthropometric characteristics of participants at baseline

Baseline data
	Dance group	Control group	P-value
	N=13	N=14
Age (years)	14.00 (3.46)	15.07 (2.36)	0.50
Gender	3 M, 10 F	7 M, 7 F
Height (m)	1.38 (0.13)	1.39 (0.16)	0.78
Weight (kg)	43.15 (10.71)	42.18 (10.65)	0.72
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.19 (2.02)	21.49 (2.57)	0.43
GMFCS
Levels	Dance group	Control group
I	–	–
II	–	–
III	3	5
IV	3	4
V	7	5

Notes: GMFCS levels: I, walks without limitations; II, walks with limitations; III, walks using a hand-held mobility device; IV, self-mobility with limitations; may use powered mobility; V, transported in a manual wheelchair. Mean (SD) and P-values. t-test for independent samples.

Abbreviations: F, female; GMFCS, gross motor function classification system; M, male.

Table 2 Participants’ passive lower limbs range of motion, pretreatment, and posttreatment in both groups, control and dance

Lower limbs range of motion
Joint	Movement	Control group					Dance group					Paired difference
		Before		After		P-value	Before		After		P-value	Before	After
Hip	Right flexion (flexioned knee)	56.92 (9.10)	30–120	56.53 (8.36)	30–120	0.83	53.07 (7.64)	30–100	82.69 (4.79)	50–125	0.0001†	0.77	0.04*
	Left flexion (flexioned knee)	58.46 (8.21)	30–100	58.84 (7.44)	35–120	0.75	56.23 (7.91)	30–100	92.69 (5.59)	70–125	0.0001†	0.86	0.01*
	Right flexion (extended knee)	43.46 (5.16)	30–60	46.53 (5.35)	30–90	0.11	43.07 (6.16)	20–90	61.15 (4.63)	40–95	0.0006†	0.96	0.03*
	Left flexion (extended knee)	44.61 (5.84)	30–95	45.38 (5.32)	30–90	0.50	45.76 (6.32)	30–100	56.53 (5.61)	40–105	0.0002†	0.89	0.16
	Right extension	10 (0.80)	5–15	12.30 (0.91)	10–20	0.007*	12.30 (2.01)	5–30	16.53 (2.07)	10–30	0.0008†	0.27	0.08
	Left extension	9.61 (1.19)	5–20	12.69 (1.45)	10–25	0.01*	10.38 (1.74)	5–30	16.92 (1.74)	10–30	0.001**	0.71	0.05*
	Right abduction	21.15 (1.71)	15–35	18.07 (1.44)	15–25	0.20	21.92 (3.07)	10–40	33.07 (2.86)	10–50	0.007**	0.83	0.0006†
	Left abduction	22.03 (1.84)	10–35	23.07 (1.74)	15–30	0.16	26.92 (3.46)	10–40	35.15 (3.78)	10–55	0.0001†	0.29	0.02*
	Right adduction	13.46 (2.29)	5–30	15.38 (2.62)	5–35	0.01*	11.15 (2.27)	5–35	22.92 (1.91)	10–35	0.03*	0.52	0.02*
	Left adduction	12.69 (2.08)	5–30	17.30 (3.08)	5–40	0.01*	12.15 (2.58)	5–35	25.76 (1.94)	15–40	0.04*	0.88	0.02*
	Right internal rotation	19.61 (1.99)	10–30	21.15 (1.97)	15–35	0.03*	21.92 (2.37)	10–30	30.38 (3.64)	10–65	0.009**	0.38	0.01*
	Left internal rotation	20 (1.49)	10–30	23.84 (1.51)	15–35	0.002*	23.07 (3.02)	10–30	31.53 (3.12)	10–55	0.001**	0.30	0.01*
	Right external rotation	19.61 (1.99)	10–35	20.38 (1.91)	15–40	0.16	23.46 (1.63)	10–35	32.30 (2.23)	15–40	0.0002†	0.61	0.0009†
	Left external rotation	20 (1.49)	10–35	21.92 (1.55)	15–40	0.05*	20.76 (0.95)	10–35	32.31 (2.23)	20–45	0.0004†	0.71	0.002**
Knee	Right flexion	114.61 (5.50)	90–140	120 (4.04)	100–140	0.35	113.07 (3.77)	90–140	132.30 (3.23)	100–150	0.0001†	0.78	0.05*
	Left flexion	112,38 (6.23)	90–140	123.46 (4.94)	100–140	0.06	115 (5.15)	90–140	133.84 (2.72)	100–150	0.0008†	0.51	0.05*
	Right extension	110 (4.38)	90–130	112.30 (5.20)	80–130	0.74	113.46 (4.43)	90–135	127.30 (3.56)	95–140	0.0002†	0.60	0.05*
	Left extension	114.55 (4.54)	85–140	120.23 (5.34)	100–150	0.34	117.69 (5.73)	85–140	132.34 (3.08)	100–140	0.003**	0.54	0.05*
Ankle	Right dorsal flexion	8.46 (1.43)	5–20	13.07 (1.20)	5–20	0.02*	9.61 (1.32)	5–20	19.61 (2.91)	10–35	0.0003†	0.59	0.04*
	Left dorsal flexion	8.84 (1.71)	5–25	14.23 (1.11)	10–25	0.03*	9.23 (1.36)	5–20	20.38 (2.74)	10–40	0.0001†	0.85	0.04*
	Right plantar flexion	21.15 (1.89)	10–40	26.15 (1.61)	15–35	0.01*	21.53 (1.63)	15–30	35.38 (2.15)	25–45	0.006**	0.88	0.004**
	Left plantar flexion	22.69 (1.56)	15–30	24.23 (0.76)	20–30	0.36	21.58 (1.31)	15–30	35.81 (2.52)	25–45	0.01*	0.63	0.0008*
	Right inversion	19.23 (1.24)	10–20	21.15 (1.80)	10–30	0.41	17.30 (2.23)	10–20	27.30 (1.56)	20–35	0.0006*	0.46	0.006*
	Left inversion	17.69 (1.92)	10–20	23.07 (1.65)	10–30	0.07	18.46 (2.07)	10–25	28.07 (1.55)	20–35	0.007*	0.75	0.04*
	Right eversion	13.46 (1.82)	5–30	21.92 (2.00)	10–35	0.0001†	14.23 (2.32)	5–35	29.61 (1.99)	15–35	0.02*	0.82	0.0008*
	Left eversion	16.15 (1.80)	10–30	21.23 (1.33)	10–35	0.01*	16.15 (1.80)	10–30	29.38 (1.91)	15–35	0.03*	0.90	0.0008*

Notes: Data are expressed as Mean (SD). t test for dependent and independent samples.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.009,

† P<0.0009. Bold values represent statistical significance.