Protective Effects of Parental Education Against Youth Cigarette Smoking: Diminished Returns of Blacks and Hispanics

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual model of Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) for youth tobacco use.

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics (n = 10,878)

	N	%
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	6478	60.63
Hispanic White	2208	20.66
Non-Hispanic Black	1801	16.86
Hispanic Black	198	1.85
Age
12-15	5575	51.3
16-17	5303	48.7
Gender
Women	5243	48.3
Men	5607	51.7
Family Structure (Parents Marital Status)
Non-Married	3923	36.2
Married	6903	63.8
Lifetime (Ever) Cigarette Smoking
No	9397	86.4
Yes	1481	13.6
Current smoking (past 30-day)
No	10,379	95.4
Yes	499	4.6
Daily cigarette smoking (Last month)
No	10,777	99.1
Yes	101	0.9
	Mean	SD
Parental Educational Attainment	2.83	1.23

Note: Percentages are weighted.

Table 2 Logistic Regressions on Ever, Current and Daily Cigarette Smoking in the Pooled Sample

	Lifetime Cigarette Smoking (Ever)			Last Month Cigarette Smoking (30 Days)			Daily Cigarette Smoking (30 Days)
	OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	P
Model 1 (All)
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Whites	1.00			1.00			1.00
Blacks	0.46	0.39–0.54	< 0.001	0.35	0.26–0.47	< 0.001	0.18	0.08–0.39	< 0.001
Hispanics	0.61	0.52–0.71	< 0.001	0.44	0.34–0.58	< 0.001	0.24	0.12–0.46	< 0.001
Parental Marital Status	0.53	0.47–0.59	< 0.001	0.49	0.41–0.60	< 0.001	0.36	0.23–0.54	< 0.001
Gender (Men)	1.07	0.95–1.20	0.241	0.98	0.81–1.17	0.792	0.73	0.49–1.09	0.126
Age	4.27	3.75–4.87	< 0.001	6.03	4.70–7.74	< 0.001	15.94	6.97–36.48	< 0.001
Educational Attainment (1–5)	0.78	0.74–0.82	< 0.001	0.75	0.69–0.82	<0.001	0.60	0.49–0.72	< 0.001
Intercept	0.23		< 0.001	0.06		<0.001	0.01		< 0.001
Cox & Snell R Square			0.026			0.015			0.009
Nagelkerke R Square			0.046			0.048			0.086
Model p value			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001
Model 2 (All)
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic Whites
Blacks	0.26	0.17–0.39	< 0.001	0.28	0.14–0.55	0.000	0.20	0.04–1.08	0.062
Hispanics	0.26	0.19–0.36	< 0.001	0.15	0.08–0.26	0.000	0.07	0.02–0.27	< 0.001
Parental Marital Status	0.53	0.47–0.60	< 0.001	0.50	0.41–0.60	0.000	0.36	0.24–0.54	< 0.001
Gender (Men)	1.06	0.95–1.20	0.293	0.97	0.80–1.16	0.720	0.72	0.48–1.08	0.116
Age	4.29	3.76–4.89	< 0.001	6.05	4.72–7.77	0.000	15.99	6.99–36.59	< 0.001
Educational Attainment (1–5)	0.70	0.66–0.75	< 0.001	0.69	0.62–0.76	0.000	0.56	0.45–0.69	< 0.001
Black × Parental Educational Attainment	1.24	1.07–1.44	0.003	1.08	0.83–1.41	0.548	0.93	0.42–2.05	0.854
Hispanic × Parental Educational Attainment	1.45	1.28–1.64	< 0.001	1.65	1.34–2.05	0.000	1.90	1.10–3.30	0.022
Constant	0.30		< 0.001	0.08		0.000	0.02		< 0.001
Cox & Snell R Square			0.078			0.042			0.018
Nagelkerke R Square			0.142			0.135			0.176
Model p value			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001

Abbreviations: CI, Confidence Interval; OR, Odds Ratio.

Table 3 Logistic Regressions on Tobacco Use by Race/Ethnicity

	Hispanics								Blacks
	No				Yes				No				Yes
	OR	95% CI		P	OR	95% CI		P	OR	95% CI		P	OR	95% CI		P
Lifetime cigarette smoking (Ever)
Race/Ethnicity	0.41	0.34	0.49	< 0.001	0.95	0.60	1.50	0.826	0.53	0.45	0.62	< 0.001	1.25	0.79	1.98	0.341
Parents married	0.53	0.46	0.60	< 0.001	0.65	0.50	0.83	0.001	0.55	0.48	0.62	< 0.001	0.55	0.39	0.77	< 0.001
Gender (male)	1.04	0.92	1.18	0.528	1.08	0.84	1.39	0.551	1.01	0.89	1.14	0.875	1.34	0.99	1.81	0.055
Parental Educational Attainment	0.73	0.69	0.77	< 0.001	1.01	0.91	1.12	0.857	0.76	0.72	0.80	< 0.001	0.91	0.80	1.04	0.177
Constant	0.69			< 0.001	0.16			0.000	0.62			< 0.001	0.14			< 0.001
Cox & Snell R Square				0.035				0.005				0.028				0.011
Nagelkerke R Square				0.063				0.010				0.049				0.023
Model p value				< 0001				< 0.001				< 0.001				< 0.001
Last month cigarette smoking (30 Days)
Race/Ethnicity	0.20	0.10	0.40	< 0.001	1.24	0.15	10.50	0.847	0.31	0.22	0.42	< 0.001	0.82	0.35	1.94	0.659
Parents married	0.33	0.22	0.51	< 0.001	1.36	0.30	6.14	0.687	0.49	0.40	0.61	< 0.001	0.59	0.37	0.95	0.029
Gender (male)	0.66	0.44	1.01	0.054	2.36	0.46	12.23	0.306	0.91	0.75	1.12	0.379	1.23	0.77	1.95	0.382
Parental Educational Attainment	0.60	0.49	0.73	< 0.001	0.51	0.24	1.11	0.090	0.70	0.64	0.76	< 0.001	1.12	0.92	1.35	0.261
Constant	0.12			< 0.001	0.01			< 0.001	0.28			< 0.001	0.03			< 0.001
Cox & Snell R Square				0.020				0.003				0.015				0.008
Nagelkerke R Square				0.060				0.011				0.045				0.037
Model p value				< 0.001				< 0.001				< 0.001				< 0.001
Daily cigarette smoking (30 Days)
Race/Ethnicity	0.15	0.06	0.34	< 0.001	0.95	0.12	7.67	0.963	0.15	0.06	0.34	< 0.001	0.95	0.12	7.67	0.963
Parents married	0.35	0.22	0.54	< 0.001	0.54	0.16	1.82	0.323	0.35	0.22	0.54	< 0.001	0.54	0.16	1.82	0.323
Gender (male)	0.62	0.40	0.95	0.028	2.53	0.67	9.55	0.172	0.62	0.40	0.95	0.028	2.53	0.67	9.55	0.172
Parental Educational Attainment	0.56	0.46	0.68	< 0.001	1.01	0.60	1.68	0.985	0.56	0.46	0.68	< 0.001	1.00	0.60	1.68	0.985
Constant	0.14			< 0.001	0.00			< 0.001	0.14			< 0.001	0.00			< 0.001
Cox & Snell R Square				0.011				0.001				0.010				0.002
Nagelkerke R Square				0.099				0.022				0.086				0.051
Model p value				< 0.001				< 0.001				< 0.001				< 0.001

Abbreviation: CI, Confidence Interval.