Timing and Quality of Antenatal Care Among Adolescent Mothers in a Rural Community, Uganda

Figures & data

Table 1 Distribution of Adolescent Mothers by Study Variables

Variable	Frequency	Percent (%)
Age
Below 18	108	43.6
18–19	140	56.5
Partner’s age
Same age^⸸	24	10.6
Older^ǂ	202	89.4
Ever given birth
Yes	118	49.0
No	123	51.0
Children ever born
0–1	101	86.3
More than 1	16	13.7
Pregnancy wanted
Wanted	119	49.4
Not wanted	122	50.6
Education level
Primary	177	71.7
Secondary	70	28.3
Marital status
Married/Cohabiting	147	60.0
Single	98	40.0
Religion
Christian	178	72.1
Muslim	68	27.5
Social support
Received no support	147	65.0
Received support	79	35.0
Working status
Not working	168	68.0
Working	79	32.0
Daily earnings
Earn nothing	197	80.1
Earn some money	49	19.9
Distance to health facility
Less than 1 km	53	27.6
1km or more	139	72.4
Decisions on Healthcare
Self	111	46.1
Husband	63	26.1
Relatives or in-laws	49	20.3
Jointly with partner	18	7.5
Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs
Has knowledge	200	83.0
No knowledge	41	17.0
Knowledge of family planning methods
Has knowledge	220	91.3
No knowledge	21	8.7
Partner presence
Staying with partner	148	60.9
Not staying with partner	95	39.1

Notes: ^⸸Partner is the same age as adolescent mother, ^ǂPartner is older than adolescent mother.

Table 2 Distribution of Adolescent Mothers by ANC Attendance, Provider, Providing Facility, Number of ANC Visits and Components of Care Received

Variable	Frequency	Percent (%)
ANC attendance
Attended	196	81.7
Did not attend	44	18.3
ANC provider*
Skilled provider^††	191	97.5
Unskilled provider	5	2.6
Type of health facility*
Government	178	90.8
Private	13	6.6
Own home or TBA’s home	5	2.6
Timing of first ANC visit
In first trimester	92	47.2
After first trimester	103	52.8
Number of ANC visits*
One	25	12.8
Two	32	16.4
Three	46	23.6
Four	42	21.5
More than four	50	25.6
Mean number of ANC visits*	196	3.5 ± 1.8
Component of care
Blood sample taken	153	96.4
Tetanus injection received	137	88.3
Iron tablets taken	189	87.2
Weight measured	168	85.7
BP measured	177	78.1
SP/Fansidar taken	177	74.5
Urine sample taken	130	70.3
Drugs for Intestinal worms taken	148	64.8

Notes: *Results are for only adolescent mothers who attended ANC; ^††Doctor, Nurse/midwife, Medical/Clinical officer, Nursing assistant; Median gestation time at first ANC visit was 4 months.

Figure 1 Percentage of all adolescent mothers who attended ANC by number of components of care received during ANC visits.

Figure 2 Percentage of adolescent mothers who made the first ANC visit in the first trimester by number of components of care received during ANC visits.

Table 3 Factors Associated with Quality of ANC and Timing of the First ANC Visit

	Quality of ANC‡			Timing of First ANC Visit
Variable	Low Quality ANC (%)	Good Quality ANC (%)	p-value	In First Trimester (%)	After First Trimester (%)	p-value
Adolescent mother’s age
Below 18	46.8	34.3	0.077	35.9	47.6	0.098
18–19	53.3	65.7		64.1	52.4
Partner’s age
Same age^⸸	10.3	11.9	0.71	3.5	12.6	0.027*
Older^ǂ	89.7	88.1		96.5	87.4
Ever given birth
Yes	44.1	60.0	0.025*	45.7	60.2	0.042*
No	56.0	40.0		54.4	39.8
Children ever born
0–1	90.5	78.6	0.072	76.2	90.3	0.058
More than 1	9.5	21.4		23.8	9.7
Education level
Primary	69.8	77.1	0.252	77.2	68.0	0.151
Secondary	30.2	22.9		22.8	32.0
Marital status
Unmarried	41.9	34.3	0.273	33.0	47.1	0.046*
Married/Cohabiting	58.1	65.7		67.0	52.9
Religion
Christian	71.0	76.8	0.362	70.7	72.6	0.770
Muslim	29.0	23.2		29.4	27.5
Distance to health facility
Less than 1 km	25.0	32.4	0.276	31.1	24.8	0.327
1km or more	75.0	67.7		68.9	75.3
Partner presence
Staying with partner	59.8	64.3	0.514	70.7	51.5	0.006*
Not staying with partner	40.2	35.7		29.4	48.5
Social support
Received no support	69.0	55.7	0.053	59.8	65.1	0.448
Received support	31.0	44.3		40.2	35.0
Decisions on health care
Self	49.4	37.1	0.138	42.4	38.8	0.101
Husband	25.0	28.6		33.7	23.3
Relatives or in-laws	20.2	21.4		15.2	29.1
Jointly with partner	5.4	12.9		8.7	8.7
Pregnancy wanted
Wanted	47.0	54.3	0.307	53.3	44.7	0.230
Not wanted	53.0	45.7		46.7	55.3
Working status
Not working	70.4	61.4	0.176	58.7	77.7	0.004*
Working	29.6	38.6		41.3	22.3
Daily earnings
Earn nothing	81.0	77.1	0.505	69.2	91.3	0.000*
Earn some money	19.1	22.9		30.8	8.7
Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs
Has knowledge	78.6	92.9	0.008*	90.2	77.7	0.018*
No knowledge	21.4	7.1		9.8	22.3
Knowledge of family planning methods
Has knowledge	92.3	88.6	0.360	93.5	91.2	0.600
No knowledge	7.7	11.4		6.5	8.8
Provider cadre
Skilled provider	96.8	98.6	0.657	98.9	96.1	0.373
Unskilled provider	3.2	1.4		1.1	3.9
Type of health facility
Government	88.9	94.3	0.546	90.2	91.3	0.925
Private	7.9	4.3		7.6	5.8
Own home or TBA’s home	3.2	1.4		2.2	2.9

Notes: ^⸸Partner is the same age as adolescent mother, ^ǂPartner is older than adolescent mother, *Significant at p<0.05.

Table 4 Logistic Regression Analysis Results of Determinants of Receipt of Good Quality ANC

Variable	Adjusted OR	p-values	95% CI
Adolescent mother’s age group
Below 18 (rc)	1.000
18–19	1.317	0.462	0.63–2.74
Partner’s age
Same age (rc)^⸸	1.000
Older^ǂ	0.357	0.094	0.11–1.19
Ever given birth
No (rc)	1.000
Yes	1.495	0.277	0.72–3.08
Education level
Primary (rc)	1.000
Secondary	0.715	0.423	0.32–1.62
Partner presence
Not staying with partner (rc)	1.000
Staying with partner	1.188	0.700	0.49–2.86
Distance to health facility
Less than 1 km (rc)	1.000
1km or more	0.424	0.038*	0.19–0.95
Social support
Received no support (rc)	1.000
Received support	1.793	0.129	0.84–3.81
Decisions on health care
Self (rc)	1.000
Husband	0.822	0.676	0.33–2.07
Jointly with partner	1.633	0.431	0.48–5.53
Relatives or in-laws	0.747	0.605	0.25–2.26
Pregnancy wanted
Not wanted (rc)	1.000
Wanted	0.898	0.774	0.43–1.88
Daily earnings
Earn nothing (rc)	1.000
Earn some money	1.536	0.330	0.65–3.64
Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs
No knowledge (rc)	1.000
Has knowledge	6.567	0.005*	1.75–24.65
Knowledge of family planning methods
No knowledge (rc)	1.000
Has knowledge	0.262	0.047*	0.07–0.98
Type of health facility
Government (rc)	1.000
Private	0.349	0.170	0.08–1.57
Own home or TBA’s home	0.781	0.843	0.07–9.04

Notes: The model was statistically significant (χ² _{(16, 0.05)} = 30.55, p = 0.0153) and correctly classified 69.3% of the respondents; *Significant at p<0.05; ^⸸Partner is the same age as adolescent mother, ^ǂPartner is older than adolescent mother.

Abbreviations: rc, reference category; OR, odds ratio.

Table 5 Logistic Regression Analysis Results of Determinants of Timing of the First ANC Visit

Variable	Adjusted OR	p-values	95% CI
Adolescent mother’s age group
Below 18 (rc)	1.000
18–19	2.125	0.046*	1.01–4.46
Partner’s age
Same age (rc)^⸸	1.000
Older^ǂ	4.337	0.041*	1.06–17.71
Ever given birth
No (rc)	1.000
Yes	0.273	0.001*	0.12–0.6
Education level
Primary (rc)	1.000
Secondary	0.613	0.260	0.26–1.44
Partner presence
Not staying with partner (rc)	1.000
Staying with partner	1.619	0.280	0.68–3.88
Distance to health facility
Less than 1 km (rc)	1.000
1km or more	0.578	0.201	0.25–1.34
Social support
Received no support (rc)	1.000
Received support	0.837	0.657	0.38–1.84
Decisions on health care
Self (rc)	1.000
Husband	1.190	0.708	0.48–2.97
Jointly with partner	0.549	0.360	0.15–1.99
Relatives or in-laws	0.290	0.043*	0.09–0.96
Pregnancy wanted
Not wanted (rc)	1.000
Wanted	1.167	0.679	0.56–2.43
Daily earnings
Earn nothing (rc)	1.000
Earn some money	3.930	0.004*	1.53–10.09
Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs
No knowledge (rc)	1.000
Has knowledge	2.888	0.043*	1.04–8.06
Knowledge of family planning methods
No knowledge (rc)	1.000
Has knowledge	1.040	0.953	0.28–3.9
Type of health facility
Government (rc)	1.000
Private	0.787	0.743	0.19–3.29
Own home or TBA’s home	0.159	0.149	0.01–1.94

Notes: The model was statistically significant (χ² _{(16, 0.05)} = 45.79, p = 0.0001) and correctly classified 72.6% of the respondents. *Significant at p<0.05; ^⸸Partner is the same age as adolescent mother, ^ǂPartner is older than adolescent mother.

Abbreviations: rc, reference category; OR, odds ratio.