Impact of HIV-1 infection and pregnancy on maternal health: comparison between perinatally and behaviorally infected young women

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of women who were behaviorally or perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus

	Behaviorally acquired HIV	Perinatally acquired HIV	Sig
	n = 35 women (40 pregnancies)a	n = 30 women (37 pregnancies)b
Mean age at conception (years)	(n = 40) 21.4 ± 2.70	(n = 37) 20.9 ± 2.96	P = 0.42c
Ethnicity and race	(n = 35)	(n = 30)	P = 0.03d
Hispanics	10	19
African Americans	21	10
African	3	0
Caucasian	1	1
HIV clinical stage	(n = 40)	(n = 37)	P = 0.02d
CDC Category A	28	25
CDC Category B	12	6
CDC Category C	0	6
Mean gestational age (weeks)	(n = 40) 39 ± 1.36	(n = 37) 38 ± 2.6	P = 0.04e
≥39	26	15
37–38	12	15
<37	2	7
Delivery method	(n = 40)	(n = 37)	P = 0.03d
Vaginal	27	14
C-section elective obstetric causes	5	10
C-section emergent obstetric causes	5	4
C-section for HIV (VL log10 > 3)	3	9
Mean birth weight (grams)	(n = 40) 3093 ± 528	(n = 37) 2834 ± 545	P = 0.03e
<1500	0	1
1500–2000	1	2
2000–2500	4	2
2500–3000	10	20
>3000	25	12
Antiretroviral therapy	(n = 40)	(n = 37)
NRTI therapy	40	35	P = 0.23f
NNRTI	11	5	P = 0.17f
PI therapy	24	31	P = 0.03f
Integrase inhibitor	0	3	P = 0.11f

Notes:

a Five women had two pregnancies;

b seven women had two pregnancies;

c two-sample t-test;

d Exact Chi-square test;

e Mann-Whitney test;

f Fisher’s Exact test.

Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; Sig, statistical significance; VL, viral load.

Figure 1 Viral load across time points in women behaviorally and perinatally infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Figure 2 CD4 counts across time points in women behaviorally and perinatally infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 2 CD4 and viral load comparisons between women who were behaviorally or perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus

	Behaviorally acquired HIV		Perinatally acquired HIV		P-value (t-test)
	n	Mean ± SD	n	Mean ± SD
Before pregnancy
CD4 percent	23	28.38 ± 9.4	32	18.7 ± 10.95	0.0012
CD4 absolute	23	506.1 ± 194	32	310.4 ± 238.1	0.0021
Viral load (log10)	23	3.61 ± 0.69	34	3.58 ± 1.32	0.9134
First trimester
CD4 percent	30	28.92 ± 9.76	33	17.65 ± 9.84	<0.0001
CD4 absolute	31	487.2 ± 198.8	33	285 ± 186.2	<0.0001
Viral load (log10)	31	3.32 ± 0.94	35	3.46 ± 1.09	0.5841
Second trimester
CD4 percent	34	33.1 ± 8.64	36	18.88 ± 10.19	<0.0001
CD4 absolute	34	510.5 ± 190.6	36	258.5 ± 197.4	<0.0001
Viral load (log10)	36	2.63 ± 0.87	37	3.13 ± 0.98	0.0251
Third trimester/delivery
CD4 percent	40	35.41 ± 8.98	36	19.45 ± 10.34	<0.0001
CD4 absolute	40	569.7 ± 217.5	36	283.7 ± 185.6	<0.0001
Viral load (log10)	40	2.33 ± 0.63	37	2.74 ± 0.91	0.0217
Post-partum
CD4 percent	38	32.38 ± 8.72	32	18.18 ± 12.03	<0.0001
CD4 absolute	38	612.9 ± 196.9	32	315.6 ± 273.1	<0.0001
Viral load (log10)	38	2.97 ± 0.96	36	3.69 ± 1.12	0.0057

Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 3 Simple survival curve with censored subjects denoted.

Notes: The 35 behaviorally infected women were followed for an average of 1663 (range 47–4173) days and the 30 perinatally infected women were followed for an average of 1069 (range 263–3378) days. There were four deaths in the perinatal group at 369, 684, 853, and 1685 days from their pregnancies.