Integration of leadership training into a problem/case-based learning program for first- and second-year medical students

Figures & data

Table 1 Faculty Assessment of Student (FAS) questions related to leadership

Teamwork

1. Listens attentively and considers alternative explanations and suggestions provided by other teammates

2. Every time when serving as leader, demonstrates the ability to manage the team and coordinate the activities of team members

Performing self-assessment

3. During Monday check-in, performs self-assessment of learning from prior week

4. During wrap-up, performs specific, constructive self-assessment

Process improvement

5. During wrap-up provides an analysis of the group’s (system’s) processes

6. Creates and comments upon a personal action plan from week to week

7. Modifies behavior based upon areas identified during self-assessment, group feedback, and mid-course meeting

Thinking outside the box

8. Successfully creates triggers for discussion by the group

9. Presents triggers to the group

10. Develops clearly stated question/s for the group as part of triggers

11. Effectively facilitates discussion of triggers that lead to higher order conversations

Table 2 Content of Patient-Centered Explorations in Active Reasoning, Learning and Synthesis (PEARLS) Go! sessions related to leadership

Course	MS1/MS2	Discussion topics
1	MS1	Defining programmatic expectations related to leadership
2	MS1	Coaching related to how to create triggers, the relationship between learning to think outside the box and leadership, developing and following up on action plans
3	MS1	Questions answered related to triggers and leadership
4	MS1	Questions answered related to triggers and leadership
5	MS2	Coaching related to thinking broadly and the dangers of premature closure related to leadership

Notes: MS1, first year medical student; MS2, second year medical student.

Figure 1 Normalized average values for students’ scores on the Faculty Assessment of Student (FAS) form for leadership questions progressing through three courses.