Predictors of virtual reality simulation bronchoscopy performance among novice bronchoscopists

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic data of the residents in this study, n=53

Variables	Values (% of total)
Gender
Male	31 (58.5)
Female	22 (41.5)
Hand orientation
Left	5 (9.4)
Right	48 (90.6)
Residency level
R1	19 (35.8)
R2	15 (28.3)
R3	12 (22.6)
Smoking status
Smoker	7 (13.2)
Non-smoker	46 (86.8)
Do you play video games?
Yes	23 (43.4)
No	30 (56.6)
Are you interested in a procedure-based career?
Yes	14 (26.4) 39
No	(73.6)

Table 2 Results from the basic scope manipulation task

Variables		Time taken to finish the task		Total score of the task
		Mean±SD	P-value	Mean±SD	P-value
Gender	Males	1.27±1.58	0.8	65.14±12.43	<0.001
	Females	1.35±0.55		45.9±9.19
Residency level	R1	1.09±0.65	0.16	56.25±12.5	0.196
	R2	1.88±2.09		61.52±15.46
	R3	1.19±0.40		50.66±13.57
	R4	0.78±0.40		61.009±17.16
Hand orientation	Right	1.31±1.31	0.77	56.19±14.04	0.78
	Left	1.20±0.22		58.8±20.38
Smoking status	Smoker	2.50±2.98	0.005	61.35±14.04	0.39
	Non-smoker	1.12±0.56		55.64±20.38
What is your cumulative GPA?	3–4	1.16±0.62	0.27	56.43±15.61	0.76
	4.1–5	1.44±1.62		57.32±13.62
Are you interested in a procedure-based career?	Yes	1.31±1.43	0.93	58.92±14.33	0.76
	No	1.28±0.52		52.31±14.27
Do you play video games?	Yes	1.02±0.5	0.065	59.61±14.08	0.153
	No	1.66±1.74		53.81±14.7

Abbreviation: GPA, grade point average.

Table 3 Time spent at mid lumen or in contact with the wall during the basic scope manipulation task

Variables		% of time spent at mid lumen		% of time in contact with wall
		Mean±SD	P-value	Mean±SD	P-value
Gender	Males	48.14±15.18	0.003	13.28±7.78	0.004
	Females	36.88±8.08		20.41±9.47
Residency level	R1	40.82±13.52	0.68	18.33±11.25	0.31
	R2	49.51±15.32		12.8±8.05
	R3	41.58±12.24		17.7±7.48
	R4	40.71±10.70		14.66±6.84
Hand orientation	Right	43.68±13.48	0.68	15.53±8.08	0.206
	Left	41.06±16.6		21.11±17.18
Smoking status	Smoker	49.41±13.07	0.212	12.95±5.33	0.159
	Non-smoker	42.52±13.63		16.67±9.57
What is your cumulative GPA?	3–4	43.6±12.95	0.92	16.61±9.94	0.72
	4.1–5	43.2±14.52		15.7±8.57
Are you interested in a procedure-based career?	Yes	44.27±12.95	0.66	14.64±8.2	0.045
	No	43.2±14.52		20.3±10.73
Do you play video games?	Yes	46.2±15.77	0.07	15.44±8.62	0.508
	No	39.8±9.39		17.07±10

Abbreviation: GPA, grade point average.

Table 4 Results from collision data derived during the basic scope manipulation task

Variables		Number of collisions in wide lumen		Number of collisions in mid lumen		Number of collisions in narrow lumen
		Mean±SD	P-value	Mean±SD	P-value	Mean±SD	P-value
Gender	Males	1.44±1.31	<0.001	2.31±1.36	0.125	1.14±1.04	0.4
	Females	4.15±2.09		2.9±1.35		0.93±0.5
Residency level	R1	2.561±1.92	0.018	2.42±1.31	0.62	2.42±1.31	0.62
	R2	1.733±1.85		2.31±1.31		2.31±1.31
	R3	4.11±2.37		2.97±1.4		2.97±1.4
	R4	1.761±1.65		2.66±1.74		2.66±1.74
Hand orientation	Right	2.56±2.05	0.97	2.56±1.4	0.88	1.09±0.85	0.37
	Left	2.6±3.13		2.33±1.22		0.73±0.82
Smoking status	Smoker	1.66±1.18	0.23	2.47±1.18	0.101	1.71±1.87	0.027
	Non-smoker	2.7±2.21		2.55±1.41		0.95±0.54
What is your cumulative GPA?	3–4	2.78±2.24	0.48	2.23±1.3	0.101	1.03±0.59	0.88
	4.1–5	2.37±2.04		2.85±1.39		1.07±1.05
Are you interested in a procedure-based career?	Yes	2.46±1.99	0.53	2.38±1.23	0.53	1.017±.518	0.57
	No	2.88±2.64		3.02±1.67		1.16±1.45
Do you play video games?	Yes	2.15±2.04	0.105	2.54±1.49	0.132	0.95±0.50	0.33
	No	3.11±2.16		2.55±1.22		1.18±1.16

Abbreviation: GPA, grade point average.

Table 5 Summary of examination of lung segments performed during the guided anatomical navigation task

Variables		% of time with clear visibility		Number of segments examined
		Mean±SD	P-value	Mean±SD	P-value
Gender	Males	90.17±9.78	0.43	18.67±4.8	0.39
	Females	87.95±10.39		17.5±4.97
Residency level	R1	87.21±13.66	0.60	4.48±1.02	0.86
	R2	89.67±7.16		4.76±1.23
	R3	92.25±6.62		6.27±1.81
	R4	88.86±8.45		3.78±1.42
Hand orientation	Right	56.91±14.04	0.23	18.1±4.75	0.98
	Left	58.8±20.38		18.2±6.22
Smoking status	Smoker	92.57±6.024	0.32	19.14±2.67	0.55
	Non-smoker	88.91±10.42		17.96±5.09
What is your cumulative GPA?	3–4	87.77±11.21	0.24	18.35±4.88	0.73
	4.1–5	90.96±8.56		17.89±4.86
Are you interested in a procedure-based career?	Yes	88.64±10.6	0.36	17.90±4.9	0.59
	No	91.5±7.95		18.71±4.77
Do you play video games?	Yes	90.87±8.3	0.22	17.9±4.93	0.78
	No	87.48±11.74		18.39±4.81

Abbreviation: GPA, grade point average.

Table 6 Multiple linear regression model (Enter method) for predictors of higher score of basic scope manipulation task

Model	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Sig.
	β	SE	β
Constant	77.078	24.778		3.111	0.003
Gender	−21.497	3.777	−0.733	−5.692	0.000
Residency level	0.143	0.775	0.021	0.185	0.854
Hand orientation	−0.360	5.532	–0.007	−0.065	0.948
Smoking status	4.397	4.985	0.104	0.882	0.383
Interest in a procedure-based career	−6.177	3.777	–0.189	−1.635	0.109
Habit of playing video games	4.642	3.693	0.159	1.257	0.215

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; Sig., significance.

Table 7 Multiple linear regression model (Enter method) for predictors of time needed to finish the basic scope manipulation task

Model	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Sig.
	β	SE	β
Constant	4.084	2.509		1.628	0.111
Gender	0.125	0.382	0.050	0.328	0.745
Residency level	−0.023	0.078	−0.039	−0.293	0.771
Hand orientation	−0.076	0.560	−0.018	−0.135	0.893
Smoking status	−1.587	0.505	−0.439	−3.143	0.003
Interest in a procedure-based career	−0.391	0.383	−0.140	−1.022	0.312
Habit of playing video games	0.836	0.374	0.336	2.237	0.030

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; Sig., significance.