Investigating Relationship of Perceived Learning Engagement, Motivation, and Academic Performance Among Nursing Students: A Multisite Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Proposed Research Model Predicting Student’s Academic Achievement.

Table 1 Demographic and Educational Background for Study Participants (N=425)

Variable		Campus			Total Mean(SD)	F	p
		Riyadh	Jeddah	Alhasa
		Mean(SD)	Mean(SD)	Mean(SD)
Age	Min=20.0 Max=27.0	21.77(1.07)	21.74(1.12)	21.08(1.05)	21.52(1.12)	6.54	0.002
sGPA	Min=2.0 Max=5.0	3.62(0.85)	3.64(0.55)	3.57(0.59)	3.61(0.65)	0.23	0.79
cGPA	Min=2.0 Max=4.9	3.46(0.71)	3.59(0.56)	3.69(0.55)	3.59(0.59)	2.92	0.06
Variable		Riyadh	Jeddah	Alhasa	Total N(%)	χ^2	p
Marital	Single	114(26.8)	127(29.9)	126(29.6)	367(86.4)	24.81	0.000
	Married	8(1.9)	11(2.6)	37(8.7)	56(13.2)
	Divorced	1(0.2)	0(0.0)	0(0.0)	1(0.2)
	Widow	0(0.0)	0(0.0)	1(0.2)	1(0.2)
	N(%)	123(28.9)	138(32.5)	164(38.6)	425(100.0)
Academic year	Three	72(16.9)	66(15.5)	118(27.8)	256(60.2)	18.42	0.000
	Four	51(12.0)	72(16.9)	46(10.8)	169(39.8)
	N(%)	123(28.9)	138(32.5)	164(38.6)	425(100.0)
Education level	Five	46(10.8)	33(7.8)	91(21.4)	170(40.0)	34.84	0.000
	Six	26(6.1)	33(7.8)	29(6.8)	88(20.7)
	Seven	21(4.9)	38(8.9)	23(5.4)	82(19.3)
	Eight	30(7.1)	34(8.0)	21(4.9)	85(20.0)
	N(%)	123(28.9)	138(32.5)	164(38.6)	425(100.0)
Academic progress	Regular study	71(16.7)	119(28.0)	133(31.3)	323(76.0)	36.37	0.000
	Dropped semester	11(2.6)	3(0.7)	5(1.2)	19(4.5)
	Dropped course/s	11(2.6)	6(1.4)	3(0.7)	20(4.7)
	Repeated course/s	30(7.1)	10(2.4)	23(5.4)	63(14.8)
	N(%)	123(28.9)	138(32.5)	164(38.6)	425(100.0)

Table 2 Engagement Indicators and Facilitators Among Study Participants (N=425)

Variables		Campus			Total Mean(SD)	F	p
		Riyadh N= 123	Jeddah N=138	Alhasa N=164
		Mean(SD)	Mean(SD)	Mean(SD)
Student Engagement in Schools Questionnaire (SESQ)
Interest in learning	Min=1.00 Max=5.00 SE=0.05	4.15(1.07)	3.81(1.09)	3.98(1.05)	3.97(1.08)	3.189	0.042
Affective liking for learning	Min=1.25 Max=5.00 SE=0.04	3.74(0.76)	3.44(0.75)	3.73(0.77)	3.64(0.77)	6.68	0.001
Affective liking for school	Min=1.00 Max=5.00 SE=0.05	3.79(1.01)	3.59(1.11)	3.94(0.94)	3.78(1.03)	4.49	0.012
Behavioral efforts and persistence	Min=2.00 Max=5.00 SE=0.03	3.62(0.56)	3.35(0.54)	3.65(0.47)	3.55(0.54)	14.69	0.000
Behavioral extracurricular	Min=1.00 Max=5.00 SE=0.06	3.34(1.19)	2.84(1.08)	3.44(1.07)	3.22(1.14)	14.69	0.000
Cognitive	Min=1.00 Max=5.00 SE=0.04	3.92(0.98)	3.59(1.00)	4.15(0.67)	3.90(0.91)	14.99	0.000
SESQ Total	Min=1.48 Max=4.76 SE=0.03	3.76(0.68)	3.44(0.67)	3.87(0.48)	3.70(0.63)	18.88	0.000
Student Engagement Instrument (SEI)
Teacher–Student Relationship	Min=1.00 Max=4.00 SE=0.03	2.94(0.62)	2.78(0.52)	2.76(0.60)	2.82(0.58)	3.92	0.021
Control and Relevance of Schoolwork	Min=1.00 Max=4.00 SE=0.03	3.10(0.62)	2.92(0.50)	3.18(0.41)	3.07(0.52)	9.92	0.000
Peer Support for Learning	Min=1.00 Max=4.00 SE=0.03	3.05(0.67)	2.85(0.57)	3.12(0.53)	3.01(0.60)	8.46	0.000
Future Goals and Aspirations	Min=1.00 Max=4.00 SE=0.03	3.19(0.69)	3.09(0.59)	3.48(0.47)	3.27(0.60)	18.37	0.000
Family Support for Learning	Min=1.00 Max=4.00 SE=0.03	3.07(0.71)	2.92(0.59)	3.33(0.52)	3.12(0.62)	17.881	0.000
SEI Total	Min=1.00 Max=4.00 SE=0.02	3.02(0.60)	2.86(0.45)	3.05(0.39)	2.98(0.49)	6.35	0.002

Table 3 Academic Motivation Among Study Respondents (N=425)

Variables		Campus			Total Mean(SD)	F	p
		Riyadh N=123	Jeddah N=138	Alhasa N=164
		Mean(SD)	Mean(SD)	Mean(SD)
Amotivation	Min=1.00 Max=7.00 SE=0.09	4.22(1.95)	4.78(1.50)	4.47(1.82)	4.49(1.77)	3.23	0.041
External Regulation	Min=1.00 Max=7.00 SE=0.07	4.77(1.61)	4.25(1.35)	5.04(1.41)	4.70(1.48)	11.12	0.000
Introjected Regulation	Min=1.00 Max=7.00 SE=0.08	5.12(1.54)	4.49(1.55)	5.44(1.43)	5.04(1.55)	14.90	0.000
Identified Regulation	Min=1.00 Max=7.00 SE=0.07	5.27(1.50)	4.69(1.42)	5.29(1.46)	5.09(1.48)	7.68	0.001
Intrinsic Regulation	Min=1.00 Max=7.00 SE=0.08	5.35(1.55)	4.80(1.65)	5.32(1.37)	5.16(1.53)	5.69	0.004
AMS Total	Min=2.10 Max=7.00 SE=0.05	4.94(1.00)	4.60(1.03)	5.11(1.00)	4.89(1.03)	9.85	0.000

Table 4 Correlations Among Research Variables (N=425)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26
1. Age	1.00
2. Children No	0.07	1.00
3. Siblings No	0.05	0.02	1.00
4. Family income	−.10	−.05	−.19*	1.00
5. Academic Progress	−.24**	0.03	−.02	0.06	1.00
6. sGPA	−.15*	0.03	0.14	0.11	0.31**	1.00
7. cGPA	−.23**	−.05	−.11	0.08	0.36**	0.78**	1.00
8. SESQ Interest in learning	0.02	−.03	0.06	0.00	−.03	0.26**	0.22**	1.00
9. SESQ Affective liking for learning	−.09	−.06	−.05	0.01	0.04	0.25**	0.27**	0.63**	1.00
10. SESQ Affective liking for school	−.05	−.06	0.05	0.00	0.04	0.21**	0.23**	0.51**	0.57**	1.00
11. SESQ Behavioral efforts	−.24**	−.03	0.13	0.05	0.14**	0.32**	0.29**	0.35**	0.44**	0.39**	1.00
12. SESQ Behavioral extracurricular	−.05	−.01	−.09	0.02	−.10*	0.02	0.00	0.22**	0.19**	0.40**	0.14**	1.00
13. SESQ Cognitive	−.18**	−.01	0.04	−.03	0.02	0.30**	0.23**	0.44**	0.48**	0.50**	0.54**	0.44**	1.00
14. SESQ Total	−.19**	−.04	0.04	0.00	0.04	0.34**	0.30**	0.59**	0.68**	0.72**	0.70**	0.55**	0.91**	1.00
15. SEI Teacher–Student Relationship	0.07	0.01	−.00	−.09	−.11*	0.14*	0.11	0.41**	0.33**	0.47**	0.09	0.39**	0.36**	0.43**	1.00
16. SEI Control of Schoolwork	−.10	0.01	0.07	−.00	−.01	0.27**	0.30**	0.48**	0.48**	0.49**	0.41**	0.34**	0.61**	0.66**	0.69**	1.00
17. SEI Peer Support for Learning	−.10	0.04	0.13	−.02	0.02	0.21**	0.20**	0.40**	0.34**	0.44**	0.33**	0.37**	0.51**	0.56**	0.64**	0.78**	1.00
18. SEI Future Goals and Aspirations	−.18**	0.01	0.08	0.05	0.08	0.29**	0.33**	0.45**	0.50**	0.49**	0.51**	0.25**	0.61**	0.67**	0.46**	0.80**	0.66**	1.00
19. SEI Family Support for Learning	−.21**	−.03	−.048	0.05	0.05	0.09	0.18**	0.30**	0.36**	0.41**	0.37**	0.29**	0.54**	0.56**	0.46**	0.74**	0.64**	0.70**	1.00
20. SEI Total	−.05	0.01	0.05	−.03	−.04	0.20**	0.22**	0.47**	0.43**	0.55**	0.31**	0.42**	0.56**	0.63**	0.86**	0.91**	0.83**	0.76**	0.76**	1.00
21. AMS Amotivation	−.11*	−.02	0.04	0.05	0.13**	0.18**	0.25**	0.02	0.11*	−.06	0.12*	−.32**	−.07	−.06	−.19**	−.10	−.17**	0.04	−.14**	−.19**	1.00
22. AMS External Regulation	0.05	−.01	0.04	−.02	−.05	0.05	−.00	0.25**	0.25**	0.30**	0.21**	0.30**	0.33**	0.38**	0.24**	0.36**	0.32**	0.41**	0.36**	0.37**	−.51**	1.00
23. AMS Introjected Regulation	−.04	0.02	−.10	0.02	−.02	0.20**	0.18**	0.33**	0.38**	0.35**	0.34**	0.26**	0.43**	0.49**	0.24**	0.46**	0.33**	0.52**	0.39**	0.40**	−.24**	0.76**	1.00
24. AMS Identified Regulation	−.04	0.03	0.11	0.01	−.02	0.21**	0.13*	0.35**	0.38**	0.38**	0.35**	0.21**	0.45**	0.50**	0.29**	0.49**	0.40**	0.54**	0.44**	0.47**	−.18**	0.67**	0.81**	1.00
25. AMS Intrinsic Regulation	−.06	0.02	−.07	0.00	−.02	0.23**	0.15*	0.37**	0.40**	0.40**	0.35**	0.25**	0.50**	0.54**	0.31**	0.47**	0.42**	0.53**	0.39**	0.46**	−.15**	0.58**	0.68**	0.84**	1.00
26. AMS Total	−.06	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.26**	0.21**	0.39**	0.45**	0.40**	0.41**	0.19**	0.47**	0.54**	0.25**	0.49**	0.38**	0.60**	0.42**	0.44**	0.02	0.72**	0.88**	0.92**	0.85**	1.00

Notes: *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 5 Multiple Linear Regression Model to Predict Academic Performance Among Nursing Students (N=425)

	cGPA						sGPA
	b	SE B	β	t	p	VIF	b	SE B	β	t	p	VIF
Constant	3.83	0.75	-	5.14	0.000		2.46	0.88	-	2.79	0.006
Age	−.06	0.03	−.12	−1.93	0.047	1.08	−.01	0.04	−.01	−.19	0.85	1.12
Academic Progress	0.11	0.02	0.32	5.32	0.000	1.08	0.10	0.02	0.28	4.45	0.000	1.11
SESQ Total	0.17	0.08	0.18	2.24	0.026	1.83	0.24	0.10	0.22	2.48	0.014	2.18
SEI Total	0.12	0.10	0.09	1.18	0.240	1.58	0.03	0.11	0.02	0.30	0.76	1.65
AMS Total	0.06	0.04	0.11	1.55	0.122	1.38	0.11	0.047	0.17	2.28	0.024	1.61
R^2	0.239						0.222
Adjusted R^2	0.222						0.204
F	14.209						12.202
p-value	0.000						0.000

Figure 2 Standardized regression coefficients for the final study model.