Can Non-Virtual Reality Simulation Improve Surgical Training in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery? A Literature Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the literature review process.

Table 1 Summary of the Identified Studies

No.	Date	Study	Type of Simulator	Validation
1	1996	Gardiner et al^Citation12	Sheep head	–
2	2007	Briner et al^Citation13	Physical bench model	Face
3	2008	Leung et al^Citation14	Physical bench model	Unable to show construct validity
4	2008	Nogueira et al^Citation15	Physical bench model	–
5	2009	Stamm et al^Citation16	Physical bench model	Face
6	2010	Acar et al^Citation17	Sheep head	–
7	2011	Rowan Valentine et al^Citation18	Live sheep+physical bench model	–
8	2011	Mladina et al^Citation19	Lamb head	–
9	2012	Steehler et al^Citation20	Physical bench model	Face, content, and construct
10	2012	Burge et al^Citation21	Physical bench model	–
11	2012	Wais et al^Citation22	Physical bench model	–
12	2013	Steehler et al^Citation23	Physical bench model	–
13	2013	Touska et al^Citation24	Sheep head	–
14	2013	Mladina et al^Citation25	Lamb head	–
15	2014	Awad et al^Citation26	Sheep head	Face and content
16	2015	Fortes et al^Citation27	Physical bench model	Face
17	2015	Awad et al^Citation28	Sheep head	Construct
18	2015	Skitarelić et al^Citation29	Lamb head	–
19	2016	Mallman et al^Citation30	Lamb head	–
20	2016	Delgado-Vargas et al^Citation31	Sheep head	–
21	2016	Chang et al^Citation32	3D printed model	Face and content
22	2017	Harbison et al^Citation33	Physical bench model	Face, content, and construct
23	2017	Alrasheed et al^Citation34	3D printed model	Content and construct
24	2017	Mosaad el Sissi et al^Citation35	Sheep head	–
25	2017	Fernandes de Oliveira et al^Citation36	Lamb head	–
26	2018	Mladina et al^Citation37	Lamb head	–
27	2018	Luis Macias-Valle et al^Citation38	Live sheep	–
28	2018	Hsieh et al^Citation39	3D printed model	–
29	2019	Yoshiyasu et al^Citation40	3D printed model	Construct
30	2019	Ding et al^Citation41	3D printed model	–
31	2019	Zhuo et al^Citation42	3D printed model	Face and content
32	2020	Alwani et al^Citation43	3D printed model	Face, content, concurrent, and construct
33	2020	Dong et al^Citation44	3D printed model	Face, content, and construct
34	2021	Gallet et al^Citation45	3D printed model	Face, content, and construct
35	2021	Rosenbaum et al^Citation46	Physical bench model	Face, content, construct, and concurrent
36	2021	Tikka et al^Citation47	Vegetal model	–

Abbreviations: 3D, three-dimensional; 2D, two-dimensional; CT, computed tomography; EAES, European Association for Endoscopic Surgery; PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; SIMONT, Sinus Model Otorhino Neuro Trainer.

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